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Franz Gall
phrenology, bumps on head
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extirpation/ablation
parts of brain are removed and behavior is observed
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functionalism
mental processes help individuals adapt to their environments
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two divisions of autonomic nervous system
sympathetic and parasympathetic
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sympathetic
fight or flight
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parasympathetic
rest and digest
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layers from scalp to brain
- skin
- periosteum
- bone
- dura mater
- arachnoid mater
- pia mater
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principal structures of the forebrain
- cerebral cortex
- basal ganglia
- limbic system
- thalamus
- hypothalamus
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cerebral cortex
complex perceptual, cognitive, behavioral processes
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limbic system
emotion and memory
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thalamus
sensory relay station
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hypothalamus
- fighting
- fleeing
- feeding
- fornicating
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structures of midbrain
inferior and superior colliculi
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superior colliculus
receives visual sensory input
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inferior colliculus
receives auditory sensory input
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principal structures of hindbrain
- cerebellum
- medulla oblongata
- reticular formation
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medulla oblongata
- vital functions
- breathing
- heart rate
- blood pressure
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reticular formation
arousal and alertness
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pons
sensory and motor pathways between cortex and medulla
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EEG
electrical activity of brain
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rCBF
neural activity based on blood flow
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lateral hypothalamus
triggers eating and drinking
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ventromedial hypothalamus
signals to stop eating
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anterior hypothalamus
controls sexual behavior
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hippocampus
long-term memories
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anterograde amnesia
no more new long-term memories
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retrograde amnesia
memory loss
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temporal lobe
- auditory cortex
- Wernicke's area
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Wernicke's area
language reception and comprehension
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acetylcholine
attention and alertness
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catecholamines
epinephrine and norepinephrine
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epinephrine (adrenaline)/norepinephrine (noradrenaline)
alertness and wakefulness
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loss of cholinergic neurons connecting with hippocampus leads to:
Alzheimer's Disease
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low levels of NE are associated with:
depression
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high levels of NE are associated with:
anxiety and mania
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dopamine
movement and posture
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too much dopamine or oversensitivity to dopamine leads to:
schizophrenia
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loss of dopaminergic neurons in the basal ganglia is associated with:
Parkinson's disease
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serotonin
mood, eating, sleeping, dreaming
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oversupply of serotonin leads to:
mania
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undersupply of serotonin leads to:
depression
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Effects of GABA
inhibitory, hyperpolarization of postsynaptic membrane
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Effects of glycine
increases Cl- influx into neurons, hyperpolarizing postsynaptic membrane
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endorphins
natural painkillers
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family studies
compare rates of a given trait among family members to those among unrelated individuals
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neurulation
ectoderm begins to furrow, forming a neural groove surrounded by neural folds
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neural tube
the furrow closes to form a tube
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alar plate
differentiates into sensory neurons
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basal plate
differentiates into motor neurons
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rooting reflex
turning of the head in the direction of a stimulus that touches the cheek
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Moro reflex
abrupt movements of their heads by flighing out their arms
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Babinski reflex
toes spread apart when sole is stimulated
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pineal gland
melatonin, circadian rhythm
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