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transduction
conversion of information from internal and external environment to electrical signals in the nervous system
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perception
processing of information to make sense of its significance
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psychophysics
relationship between physical nature of stimuli and the sensations and perceptions they evoke
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hair cells
hearing, rotational and linear acceleration
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nociceptors
pain, somatosensation
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thermoreceptors
thermosensation
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osmoreceptors
osmolarity of the blood
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olfactory receptors
smell
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threshold
minimum amount of a stimulus that renders a difference in perception
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absolute threshold
minimum of stimulus energy that is needed to activate a sensory system
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signal detection theory
changes in our perception of the same stimuli depending on bout psychological and environmental context
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response bias
tendency of subjects to systematically respond to a stimulus in a particular way
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catch trials
trials in which signal is presented
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noise trials
trials in which signal is not presented
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hits
signal present, positive response
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miss
signal present, negative response
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false alarm
signal absent, positive response
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correct negative
signal absent, negative response
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retina
contains photoreceptors to transduce light into electrical information
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cones
color vision and fine details
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rods
sensation of light and dark
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bipolar cells
highlights gradients between adjacent rods or cones
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amacrine/horizontal cells
receive input from multiple retinal cells before being passed on to ganglion cells
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parvocellular cells
shape detection
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magnocellular cells
motion detection
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Eustachian tube
equalize pressure between middle ear and the environment
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bony labyrinth contains
- cochlea
- vestibule
- semicircular canals
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endolymph
potassium rich fluid that bathes the membranous labyrinth
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perilymph
fluid that suspends the membranous labyrinth
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vestibule (utricle, saccule)
linear acceleration
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semcircular canals
rotational acceleration
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lateral geniculate nucleus
visual
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medial geniculate nucleus
auditory
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superior olive
localizes sound
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tonotopical
vibrations indicate pitch of sound
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Pacinian corpuscles
depp pressure and sensation
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Meissner corpuscles
light touch
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Merkel cells
deep pressure and texture
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free nerve endings
pain and temperature
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normal temperature of skin
86-97F
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law of proximity
elements close to one another tend to be perceived as a unit
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law of similarity
objects that are similar tend to be grouped together
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law of good continuation
elements that appear to follow in the same pathway tend to be grouped together
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law of pragnanz
perceptual organization will always be as regular, simple, and symmetric as possible
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