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Three classical approached to management?
- 1. Scientific Mangement
- 2.Administrative Principles
- 3. Bureaucratic Organisation
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Emphasises careful selection and training of workers, and supervisory support
Scientific Management
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science of reducing the task to its basic physical motions
Motion Study
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Makes results based compensation performance incentives
carefully select workers with abilities to do this job
train workers to perform jobs to best of their abilities
train supervisors to support workers
Practical lessons from scientific management
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Foresight, Organisation Command and Coordinate and Control are:
Administrative Principles
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clear and unbroken line of communication from the top to the bottom of the organisation
Scalar chain principle
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each person receives orders from only one boss
Unity of command principle
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Clear hierarchy of authority, formal rules and procedures, impersonality, careers based on merit.
Bureaucracy
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maintain that people are social and self-actualising
Behavioural approach to management
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people's feelings attributes and relationships with co-workers should be important to management
Hawthorne Effect
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Physiological, safety social, esteem, self-actualisation
Maslow's theory of human needs
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People act to satisfy 'deprived' needs, those for which a satisfaction 'deficient' exists
Deficit Principle
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A need that at any one level only becomes activated once the next lower level need has been satisfied
Progression principle
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Assumes people dislike work, lack ambition, are irresponsible and prefer to be led
Theory X
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Assumes people are willing to work and accept responsibility, and are self-directed and creative
Theory Y
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Managers should give more attention to the social/self-actualising need of people at work
Mc Gregor's theory x and theory y
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Managers create self-fulfilling prophecies- through behaviour, they create situations where subordinates act in ways that confirm the original expectations
Self-Fulfillment
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Assumption that mathematical techniques can be used to improve managerial decisions and problem solving
Quantitative approaches to management
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Describes the application of mathematical techniques to analyse and solve management problems
Management Science
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Helps make future projections that are useful in the planning process
Mathermatical Forecasting
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Helps control inventories by mathematically establishing how much to order and when
Inventory Modelling
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Used to calculate how to allocate scarce resources among competing uses
Linear Programming
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Helps allocate service or work stations to minimise waiting time and service cost
Queuing theory
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Break large tasks into smaller componenets to allow for better analysis, planning and control of complex projects
Network Models
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Makes models of problems so different solutions under various assumptions can be tested
Simulation
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