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What are the characteristics of life?
- Movement
- Ingest Nutrients
- Respire (gas exchange)
- Excrete Waste
- Respond to Stimuli
- Metabolize Energy
- Grow/Develop
- Maintain Their Internal Environment (homesotasis)
- Reproduce
- Evolve/Adapt
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What are the four types of biological molecules and what are they each composed of?
- Carbohydrates: sugar, starch, and plant fibers; Energy storage.
- Lipids: Fats, oils and waxes, cell membranes. Glycerol head with a fatty acid tail.
- Proteins: Amino Acids
- Nucleic Acids: Nucleotides, sugar-phosphate backbone.
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What are the organ systems and briefly what they do.
- Skeletal: Structure, creates blood cells.
- Muscular: Movement
- Nervous: Communication
- Circulatory: Movement of blood/nutrients through body.
- Lymphatic: Immunity
- Respiratory: Gas exchange
- Endocrine: Secretes hormones
- Urinary: Excretes waste
- Reproductive: Produce offspring
- Integumentary: Protection
- Digestive: Breakdown of food for nutrient uptake
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What are the structures and functions of the following organelles:
Nucleus
Ribosomes
Rough ER
Smooth ER
Golgi Complex
Secretory Vesicles
Lysosomes
Mitochondria
- Nucleus: Structure: Membrane bound, DNA; Function: Site of DNA synthesis and holds DNA.
- Ribosomes: Structure: Proteins; Function: Synthesis of proteins
- Rough ER: Structure: Folded lipid membrane with enzymes and ribosomes; Function: Folds, modifies and ships proteins.
- Smooth ER: Structure: Folded membranes; Function: Creates lipids, cholesterol, carbs, and steroids; metabolizes carbs and detoxifies drugs and alcohol. Storage of calcium ions.
- Golgi Complex: Structure: Folded membranes with enzymes; Function: Protein modification and packaging for shipment into cytoplasm and membrane.
- Secretory Vesicles: Structure: Lipid layer; Function: Fuses with the cell membrane to excrete products.
- Lysosomes: Structure: Lipid layer with digestive enzymes; Function: Digests macromolecules.
- Mitochondria: Structure: Lipid bilayer with DNA and enzymes; Function: Creates ATP
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What are the borders of the mediastinum and what does it contain?
- Borders: vertebral column to sternum, diaphragm to thoracic inlet.
- Contains: pericardial cavity and heart, blood and lymph vessels, thymus gland, esophagus and trachea.
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What is the structure of cilia?
They are attached to the membrane and contain a 9+2 arrangement of microtubules.
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What is the cytoskeleton of a cell made of?
Filaments and tubules that extend throughout the cytoplasm and outside of the cell.
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What are some functions of the cytoskeleton of a cell?
- Cell shape and structure.
- Segregates chromosomes during cell division.
- Cytokinesis
- Intracellular transport.
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