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What are the five ways in which adolescents think differently than children?
- 1. Adolescents are better able than children to think about what is possible, instead of limiting their thought to what is real (think more efficiently)
- 2. Adolescents are better able than children to think about abstract things (think abstractly)
- 3. Adolescents think more often than children about the process of thinking itself (think about thinking)
- 4. Adolescents thinking, compared to children’s, is more often multidimensional, rather than limited to a single issue (think about multiple dimensions, multiple perspectives)
- 5. Adolescents are more likely than children to see things as relative, rather than as absolute
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What is deductive reasoning?
a type of logical reasoning in which one draws logically necessary conclusions from a general set of premises, or givens
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what is hypothetical reasoning?
if then thinking, able to plan ahead
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What are the two manifestations of egocentrism?
- 1. Imaginary audience- the belief, often brought on by the heightened self-consciousness of early adolescence, that everyone is watching and evaluating one’s behavior
- 2. Personal Fable- an adolescents belief that he or she is unique and therefore not subject to the rules that govern other people’s behavior
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What is an example of multidimensional thinking?
Piaget's Cognitive-development view
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What are the four stages of cognitive development?
- 1. Sensorimotor (birth-2)
- 2. Preoperational (2-5)
- 3. Concrete (6-early adolescence)
- 4. Formal (early adolescence through adulthood)
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What is the sensorimotor?
- birth-2
- Development involves coordination sensory and motor activities
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What is preoperational?
- 2-5
- Capable of representing the world symbolically (ex. language)
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What is concrete?
- 6-early adolescence
- More adept at using mental operations, leads to a more advanced understanding of the world
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What is formal?
- early adolescence through adulthood
- Can reason about more complex tasks and problems involving multiple variables
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What are 8 criticisms of formal operational thinking?
- 1. Horizontal decalage
- 2. Emergent vs. consolidated reasoning
- 3. Individual differences
- 4. Adult Performance
- 5. Measure scientific reasoning
- 6. role of training
- 7. Culture
- 8. Competence-performance
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What is horizontal decalage?
- People don’t always perform at the same stage, sometimes your performance is tied to the problem, Piaget thinks people perform at the same stage when that is not always true
- Think of the stage as a whole, no matter the problem
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What is a stage?
structured whole
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What is conservation?
that the amount of something doesn't change
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What is emergent vs. consolidation reasoning?
- Piaget's way to get out of horizontal decalage
- Emergent when it first starts to show and consolidated when it is already there
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What is role training?
Training matters, education, experience with the problem matters
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What is competence-performance?
People reason at a higher level than they can perform
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The 5 ways in which information processing changes
- 1. Attention
- 2. Memory
- 3. Speed
- 4. Organization
- 5. Metacognition
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What are the 2 changes in attention?
- 1. Selective attention
- 2. Divided attention
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What is selective attention?
- the process by which we focus on one stimulus while tuning out another
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what is divided attention?
- the process of paying attention to two or more stimuli at the same time
- It means that adolescents are able to concentrate and stay focused on complicated tasks such as, reading and comprehension more than children
- Improvement is likely linked to maturation of the brain system
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What are the changes in memory?
- 1. working memory
- 2. long term memory
- 3. autobiographical memory
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What is working memory?
- the aspect of memory in which information is held for a short time while a problem is being solved
- Lasts for like 30 seconds
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What is long-term memory?
being able to recall something from a long time ago
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What is an autobiographical memory?
the recall of personally meaningful past events
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