-
5-week embryo structure that becomes the cerebrum/cerebral cortex
telencephalon
(page 21 and 22 on slide)
-
5-week embryo structure that becomes the hypothalamus and thalamus
diencephalon
(page 21 and 22 on slide)
-
5-week embryo structure that becomes the midbrain
mesencephalon
(page 21 and 22 on slide)
-
functions of the spinal cord
- conducts info between brain & organs
- integrates info coming from the PNS
- responds by issuing motor commands
-
contains dendrites & cell bodies of spinal neurons
gray matter
- interneurons & motor neurons
-
contains axons that conduct info up and down the spinal cord
white matter
- tracts
-
All __ neuron cell bodies are found outside of the CNS
sensory
- dorsal root ganglia
(page 25 on slide)
-
__ are found in the dorsal horn. __ are found in the ventral horn.
Sensory interneurons; motor neurons
-
Reflex arc: Sensory neurons detect stretch of muscle & fires an __ to spinal cord. The interneuron releases __. Extensor motor neurons releases __ to contract the muscle. (extension). At the same time, the inhibitory interneuron, __ is released which causes the flexor muscle (antagonist) to not contract.
- action potential;
- glutamate;
- ACh;
- glycine
(Glycine in this case inhibits an action potential so no ACh is released to the flexor muscle.)
(page 26 on slide)
-
brain structure that controls autonomic functions
brain stem
-
autonomic centers in the brain stem
- respiration center
- cardiac center
- vasomotor center
-
The midbrain is specialized for __
- vision
- hearing
- sleep/wake
- arousal
-
structure that filters incoming signals, helping to discriminate between important & unimportant ones
reticular formation
- located in brain stem & integrated info radiates to cerebral cortex
(page 31 on slide)
-
functions of the cerebellum
- motor control (fine motor, coordination, precision, & timing)
- motor learning
-
Spinocerebellar Ataxia results in __
- poor coordination of hands, speech, eye movements
- unsteady & clumsy motion of the body
-
part of limbic system, transfers short-term memory to long-term memory
hippocampus
-
routes info about experiences that have an emotional component through the limbic system, critical for fear and fear memory
amygdala
-
relay inputs from odor receptors to both the cerebral cortex & the limbic system
olfactory bulbs
-
gray matter centers that surround the thalamus on both sides of the brain. moderate voluntary movements directed by motor centers in the cerebrum
basal nuclei/ganglia
Damage can affect the planning & fine-tuning of body movements. (e.g. Parkinson's disease)
-
3 parts of basal nuclei/ganglia
- caudate nucleus (arches over thalamus)
- putamen
- globus pallidus (medial to putamen)
- a group of nuclei deep within the cerebral white matter
(page 42 & 43 on slide)
-
functions of basal nuclei/ganglia
- complex neural calculators (cooperate with the cerebral cortex in controlling movement)
- receive input from many cortical areas
-
__ also influences basal ganglia
Substantia nigra
-
3 paired structures of the diencephalon
- thalamus
- hypothalamus
- epithalamus
-
receives sensory info and relays it to the regions of the cerebral cortex concerned with motor responses to sensory info
thalamus
- Part of the thalamus near the brain stem cooperates with the reticular formation in alerting the cerebral cortex to full wakefulness, or in inducing drowsiness or sleep
-
3 thalamic nuclei
- medial geniculate body: info goes to auditory cortex
- lateral geniculate body: info goes to visual cortex
- ventral postero-lateral nucleus: info goes to the somatosensory cortex
-
main visceral control center of the body. "the master gland's master"
hypothalamus
-
The __ nucleus & the __ nucleus set & maintain body temp.
posterior hypothalamic; anterior hypothalamic
-
hypothalamic nuclei that send axons to the pituitary gland (endocrine function)
- paraventricular nucleus
- arcuate nucleus
-
The __ is the dominant brain structure in mammals.
cerebrum
- Humans have a greater brain capacity than other organisms.
(page 55 on slide)
-
a sheet of gray matter covering each hemisphere that is convoluted to fit into the skull
cerebral cortex
(page 56 on slide)
-
made up of areas that integrate or associate sensory info or memories
association cortex
-
lobe of cerebral cortex that receives & processes auditory info
temporal lobe
(page 56 on slide)
-
divides the frontal & parietal lobes
central sulcus
(page 56 on slide)
-
lobe of cerebral cortex associated with reasoning, planning, parts of speech, movement, emotions, problem solving, working memory, & personality
frontal lobe
-
cortex that controls muscles in specific body areas
primary motor cortex
- located in front of the central sulcus (in frontal lobe)
- Stimulation in one hemisphere causes movement of specific body parts on the opposite side of the body.
(page 62 on slide)
-
lobe of cerebral cortex associated with movement, orientation, recognition, perception of stimuli, spatial abilities, & integration of sensory info
parietal lobe
- primary somatosensory cortex & association areas
(page 63 & 65 on slide)
-
cortex that registers info on touch, pain, temperature, & pressure
primary somatosensory cortex
- located behind the central sulcus (in parietal lobe)
-
lobe of cerebral cortex that receives & processes visual info. Association areas involve making sense of the visual world & translating visual experience into language
occipital lobe
-
Damage to this area results in slow or lost speech; still can read & understand language
Broca's area (in frontal lobe)
-
Damage to this area results in inability to speak sensibly; written or spoken language not understood. Still can produce speech
Wernicke's area (in parietal & temporal lobe)
-
Speech commands (either auditory or visual) are formulated in __ , travel to __, & then to the __ for production.
- Wernicke's area
- Broca's area
- primary motor cortex
(page 67 on slide)
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