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The orofacial glands include the ____ and _____
salivary glands and the thyroid gland
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A gland is a
structure that produces a chemical secretion necessary for normal body functioning
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Endocrine gland secretions go
directly into the blood
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_______ associated with both types of glands help regulate the flow of the secretions
Motor nerves
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What are some of the positive functions of saliva
- cleanses the oral mucosa and protects it from dryness
- helps in digestion of food by enzymatic activity
- protecting the oral mucosa against acids from food and bacterial plaque
- involved in antibacterial activity
- helps to maintain tooth integrity since it is involved in remineralization of the tooth surface
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What are some of the negative functions of saliva
- contributes to the formation of the pellicle on the tooth and mucosal surfaces
- supplies the minerals for supragingival calculus formation
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What are the two types of saliva
serous and mucous
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Both types of saliva contain
minerals, electrolytes, enzymes, immunoglobulins (antibodies) and metabolic wastes
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Describe serous saliva
watery, mainly protein fluid containing enzymes for digestion
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Describe mucous saliva
thick, mainly carbohydrate fluid which serves as a good lubricant
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The secretion by the salivary glands is controlled by
the autonomic nervous system
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Salivary glands are classified as ______ or _____ and are _____ glands
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The major salivary glands are
the parotid, the submandibular and the sublingual glands
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The parotid gland is the _________ and provides ____ of the total saliva
- largest encapsulated salivary gland
- 25%
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What does encapsulated mean
it has a connective tissue capsule around it
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The parotid is located
behind the ramus of the mandible, anterior and inferior to the ear
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The secretory cells in the parotid glands are
predominantly serous
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The duct associated with the parotid gland is called
the parotid duct or Stenson’s duct
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Stenson’s duct opens up on
the buccal mucosa opposite the maxillary second molar at the parotid papilla
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The submandibular gland is the ________ major salivary gland, and provides ____% of the total saliva
- second largest encapsulated
- 65%
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The submandibular gland lies
beneath the mandible in the submandibular fossa, posterior to the sublingual salivary gland
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The secretory cells in the submandibular glands are _________ so the saliva is ______
- both serous and mucous
- mixed, mucoserous saliva
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The duct associated with the submandibular gland is the _______ which opens into the oral cavity at the _______
- submandibular duct or Wharton’s duct
- sublingual caruncle
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The sublingual salivary gland is the _______ and only _______ major salivary gland
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It provides about __% of the saliva
10
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The sublingual salivary gland is located
in the sublingual fossa, anterior to the submandibular salivary glands in the floor of the mouth
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The secretory cells in the sublingual glands are ________, but the ________ so the saliva is _______
- both serous and mucous
- mucous cells predominate
- mostly mucous
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The short ducts associated with the sublingual gland combine to form the
sublingual duct or Bartholin’s duct
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Bartholin’s duct then opens into the oral cavity through the _______ and also _______
- the sublingual caruncle
- along the sublingual fold
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The minor salivary glands are _______than the major glands but are ________
- much smaller
- more numerous
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minor salivary glands are scattered in the tissue of the
buccal, labial and lingual mucosa, the soft palate, the lateral portions of the hard palate and the floor of the mouth
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What are the minor salivary glands associated with the large circumvallate lingual papillae
von Ebner’s salivary glands
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Both major and minor salivary glands are composed of
both epithelium and connective tissue
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_______ cells line the duct and produce the ______
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what is the function of the connective tissue in a gland
surrounds, protects and supports the gland
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The connective tissue of the gland is divided into the _____, which surrounds ______, that divides the gland into ______
- capsule
- the gland and the septum
- smaller lobes
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The connective tissue septum divides the inner portion of the gland
into the larger lobes and the smaller lobules
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Epithelial cells that produce the saliva are called
secretory cells
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The two types of secretory cells are either
serous or mucous
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The serous cells have
a clear cytoplasm and produce serous saliva
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Secretory cells are found in a group or _____
acinus
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Each acinus consists of a single layer of ________ surrounding a _____where the ______
- cuboidal epithelial cells
- lumen
- saliva is deposited
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The serous acini are composed of ______ and have a ______ lumen
- serous cells producing serous saliva
- narrow
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In contrast, the mucous acini are composed of ______ and have a _____ lumen
- mucous cells producing mucous saliva
- wider
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_______ acini have both a group of _______ surrounding the lumen and a _______ superficial to the group of mucous secretory cells
- Mucoserous
- mucous cells
- serous demilune (half-moon) of serous cells
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_______ also overlay the acini and serve to help _______
- Myoepithelial cells
- force the saliva out of the gland and into the duct system
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The ductal system of salivary glands consists of ________ with the ______ and then with ______ as the ducts ______ from the inner to the outer portions of the gland
- hollow tubes connected initially
- acinus
- other ducts
- progressively grow larger
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The duct associated with an acinus is the ______ lined by _____ cells
- intercalated duct
- cuboidal epithelial
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The next duct after the intercalated duct that is slightly larger in diameter and lined by _______ is called the ________ duct
- a single layer of columnar epithelial cells
- striated duct
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In the final portion of the salivary gland ductal system is the _________ which is located in the _______
- excretory duct or secretory duct
- septum of the gland
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With aging, there is a generalized loss of salivary gland tissue up to __ to __ %
30 to 60%
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Whether from aging, medication or disease, a decrease in saliva is known as
hyposalivation
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Xerostomia can lead to
- Trauma to oral mucosa
- Increase in caries
- Speech and mastication problems
- Bad breath
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______ is the largest endocrine gland
The thyroid gland
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Because it is ductless, the thyroid gland produces and secretes its products
thyroxine and other hormones directly into the blood
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Thyroxine is a hormone that
stimulates the metabolic rate
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The thyroid gland consists of two lateral lobes connected anteriorly by an
isthmus
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The thyroid gland is covered by a connective tissue capsule that extends into the gland by way of
septa
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_____ is any enlargement of the thyroid gland
Goiter
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The lymphatics are a part of the _____ system and help _____
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Tissue fluid drains from the surrounding region into the lymphatic vessels as _____ which is similar in composition to ______
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lymph nodes are positioned to _____ to prevent their entry into the _______
- filter toxic products from the lymph
- blood system
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The entire lymph node is surrounded by a
connective tissue capsule
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Intraoral tonsillar tissue consists of ________ located in the ______
- nonencapsulated masses of lymphoid tissue
- lamina propria of the oral mucosa
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Tonsils, like lymph nodes contain
lymphocytes
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The palatine tonsils are two rounded masses located between the _____
anterior and posterior tonsillar pillars
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The lingual tonsil is located on the
base of the dorsal surface of the tongue
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When a patient has an active infection, the region’s lymph nodes can respond resulting in
lymphadenopathy
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midline nasal septum consists of both
bone and cartilage
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The nasal cavity is lined by a _______ that consist of _____
- respiratory mucosa
- pseudostratified columnar epithelium with cilia
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________ are found within the epithelium of the nasal cavity and are surrounded by _____
- Goblet cells
- mucous and serous glands
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In the roof of each portion of the nasal cavity is a specialized area containing the
olfactory mucosa
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The paranasal sinuses include the
frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid and maxillary sinuses
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The sinuses serve to
lighten the skull bones, act as sound resonators and provide mucous for the nasal cavity and filter, warm and moisten the air we breathe
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The paranasal sinuses are lined with
respiratory mucosa consisting of pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
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