Special cases

• unhealthy obsession with eating healthy food
• fixation on healthy foods can lead to death
• OCD and anorexia traits

• BN - binge on food and alcohol and then purge
• AN - drink to calm down before eating or to ease the anxiety of having indulged in a meal

• ED symptoms tend to decrease or remit completely during pregnancy
• In most cases, symptoms of the ED return within 12 months after childbirth
• Minority of women manage to remain symptom free

• Psychological
• feeling of responsibility
• changed body perception
• differentiation of pregnancy from eating disorder
• Social
• network of family and friends
• suport from the father of the baby
• involvement of health care providers
• Endocrinological
• Changes in levels or activities of neurosteroids
• involvement of sex hormones

• miscarriages
• low birth weight
• premature delivery
• obstetric complications
• birth defects
• perinatal mortality

• early eating patterns that are set as young as 2 years old
• compounded by emotional and psychological changes
• loss of control
• dieting may not be associated with BE in children

• preoccupation with food and the next meal
• eating more than usual, while saying he/she still hungry
• eating rapidly/constantly
• sneaking or hoarding food
• feeling ashamed when confronted
• excessive concern with weight and body shape
• feeling lonely, depressed, worried
• spending a great deal of time alone

• assumption that body image issue diminish among elders -> NOT true
• evidence suggests that concerns about aging and its effect on body weight and physical appearance are common in later life, particularly among older women

• body weight concerns ranked SECOND behind memory loss as a central issue
• weight related issues are a major source of dissatisfaction among older women
• increased difficulty of weight loss is highly frustrating

• body as one entity, as a whole
• body as many distinct parts
• important of looking good
• importance of being able to do
• aging has a negative impact
• aging is associated with decreased emphasis on appearance

• men tended to evaluate and discuss the body as a singular and complete object
• women tend to take apart their body and pay attention to certain aspects

• evident in all women's account regardless of whether the overall evaluation was negative or positive
• focused on distinct parts of the body

• importance of the body as an object of display
• emerges in both men and women
• more prevalent in women

• body is important b/c of what it allows the person to do
• found exclusively in mens accounts
• men look at their body as a function

dominantly mentioned by women

• found exclusively among women
• women said that as they got older there was less pressure on them to look good

• presents similarly in the elderly and the young
• difference -> elderly tend to use laxatives instead of vomiting

• medical problems that affect their ability to consume food
• lost of smell or taste, swallowing problems, or medication that reduce apetite
• memory problems -> forget if they ate
• social problems

• loss of independence, coupled with death of spouses
• undiagnosed depression
• anger -> men

• Type I -> insulin dependent (no production of insulin)
• Type II -> non-insulin dependent (insulin receptors desensitized

• Type I: omit necessary daily insulin to lose weight or compensate for a binge (do not absorb glucose)
• glycosuria - when body has too much glucose and excretes it out through urine
• insulin omission in the service of weight control has been found to avg 11-15% in type I women
• BE commonly linked to insulin omission
• women with clinical ED and Type I, ranged from 53-85%

stomach changes food to glucose -> glucose enters blood stream -> pancreas makes little or no insulin -> no insulin enters bloodstream -> glucose builds up

• affective disorders
• anxiety
• personality
• impulse control
• substance abuse

depression

• generalized anxiety disorder - constant anxiety
• social phobia - afraid to be around other people
• panic disorder - panic attacks
• OCD
• obsessions - recurring and persistent thoughts which cause distress
• compulsions - feeling the need to repeat physical behaviors in response to obsessions

• Cluster A - paranoid, schizoid -> not associated with ED
• Cluster B - dramatic, emotional, erratic
• borderline, antisocial, histrionic
• BN, AN-BP type
• Cluster C - anxious, fearful
• avoidant, dependent, obsessive compulsive
• AN-restrctive

• impulses = impelling forces or sudden spontaneous inclinations or urges
• substance abuse
• self-injury
• habitual and repetitive
• episodic and gratifying

• prevalence of drug and alcohol abuse occurs in 50% of those with an ED compared to 9% in general population
• 35% of those with substance abuse report having an ED, while 1-3% in general population