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MCAT Organic Chemistry
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geminial diols versus vicinal diols
vicinal are on adjacent carbons and geminial are on the same carbongemini twins and in the vicinitydiols are also refered to as glycols
sugars are classified into two types
aldose and ketose
acetone
smallest ketone with 3 carbons instead of two
Esters
named with -oate
the alkoxyl portion of the compound is named first. Then the acidic carbon region
anhydrides
They have a oxygen in between their adjacent carbonyl groups
Their suffix when they are the highest priority is -oic anhydride.
highest priority group on MCAT
carboxylic acid
conformational isomer
same molecules rotated differently round a bond
conformers are a pair of conformational isomers together.
example:
flipping of a chair conformation so that substituents change from axial to equatorial and vice versa.
Newman projection
USED to see the cnformation of conformational isomers
Anti-stagggered conformatio
most favorable conformation.
least favorable newman conformation
totally eclipsed conformation
cyclohexane cyclic conformer
cyclohexane an be three different coformations:
boat, chair, and twist boat
what position/orientation do bulky substituents favor?
equatorial
structural isomers
aka constitutional isomers and have different connectivity
type of isomer
Isomers
having the same chemical formula but different chemical structure
lowest energy states
when like charges are away from one another and opposite charges are close to one another
Newman Projection
gauche= when the largest groups are 60 degrees apart
anti- when the two largest groups are 180 degrees away from the other
totally eclipsed when the large groups are completely overlapping one another.
eclipsed- when the two largest groups are 120 degrees apart from one another
so in order from lowest degree of separation to highest is as follows:
totally eclipsed ( least favorable)
gauche
eclipsed
staggered (anti) ( most energetically stable)
ring strain( a ring TAN )
torsion strain- eclipse or gauche
angle strain- differ from ideal angle
nonbonded strain- non adjacent fight for same space
axial and equatorial
axial- upo and down
equitorial - stick out
Bulky group prefer what newman projection position
equititorial
BULK-EEE
Enationmers have the same chemical and physical characteristics except:
optical activity (opposite direction)
reactions in chiral environment
what determine the amount of light rotated
concentration of optically active substance
the length of the tube that the light passes through.
what are the standard conditions for optical activity
1g/ml of optic act. substance
1 dm of tube length (10cm)
Author
Ianagarrick
ID
327501
Card Set
MCAT Organic Chemistry
Description
MCAT
Updated
2017-03-13T20:33:33Z
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