Anatomy Chapter 4

What is a group of closely associated cells that perform related functions and are similar in structure?

what are the four major categories of tissue and their functions?

To perform specific functions, the tissues are organized into ____ such as the stomach, heart, kidneys and lungs.

What is the name of the  tissues that covers the external body surface (epidermis), lines its cavities and tubules, and generally "marks the inside from the outsides".

What is also developed from epithelial membranes and classed as epithelium?

Where does epithelia occur?

What is the function of the epithelium?

Cellularity, special contacts, polarity, supported by connective tissue, avascular but innervated and high regenerative capacity are unique characteristics of what tissues:

what is cellularity in a epithelial tissue?

What are special contacts in an epithelial tissue?

What is polarity in an epithelial tissue?

An epithelial tissue is supported by connective tissue  that consist of :

An epithelial tissue is avascular but innervated, which means?

An epithelial tissue has high regenerative capacity, which means it:

What are the unique characteristics of epithelial tissues?

Epithelia is classified  according to which two criterias:

What is a simple and a stratified epithelia?

In an epithelia there are  three shapes a cell can take on, what are they?

Describe a squamous, cuboidal, and columnar cell.

Name the epithelia tissue:

It is actually a simple columnar epithelium, but because it's cells vary in height and the nuclei lie at different levels above the basement membrane, it gives a false appearance of being stratified. Often ciliated

Describe a transitional epithelium

Where are transitional epithelium found?

Describe a single squamous epithelium.

What are the functions of a  simpel squamous epithelium?

What are the special types of  simple squamous epithelium?

What is mesothelium?

What is endothelium?

Where can you find simple squamous epithelium?

Describe the simple cuboidal epithelia.

What are the functions of simple cuboidal epithelia?

Where can simple cuboidal epithelia be found?

Name the following Epithelia.
Single layer of column-shaped (rectangular) cells with oval nuclei; some bear cilia at their apical surface and may contain goblet(mucus secreting) cells

What are the functions of a simple columnar epithelia.

Where can a non-ciliated simple columnar epithelia be found?

Where can a ciliated simple columnar epithelia be found

Name the following Epithelia.
All cells originate at basement membrane; only tall cells reach the apical surface; may contain goblet cells and bear cilia; nuclei lie at varying height within cells (gives impression of stratification)

What are the functions of Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelia?

Where can a non-ciliated Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelia?

Where can a ciliated Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelia?

Name the following epithelia:
Has many layers of cells; superficial layers are squamous in shape while deeper layers of cells appear cuboidal or columnar; thickest epithelial tissue; adapter for protection

What are the functions of a stratified squamous epithelium?

Where are keratinized forms of stratified squamous epithelium located?

Where are non-keratinized forms of stratified squamous epithelium located?

Describe a stratified cuboidal epithelium.

What are the functions of stratified cuboidal epithelium?

Where are stratified cuboidal epithelium located?

Describe a stratified columnar epithelium.

What are the functions of  a stratified columnar epithelium.

Where can a stratified columnar epithelium be found?

Name the epithelium;

The basal cell usually is cuboidal or columnar; the superficial cells are domes shaped or squamous; undergoes transition in shape.

What are the functions of a transitional epithelium?

Where can you find transitional epithelium?

Epithelial cells that make and secrete a product form what?

The product of a gland are _____ _____ that usually contain proteins.

Epithelial cells forming glands are highly specialized  to remove material from _____ and to manufacture them into new materials which they secrete. (recall ER)

Glands are classified by:

These glands lose their surface connection (duct) as they develop and are referred to as "ductless gland". They also secrete hormones directly into the blood or the lymphatic vessels that weave through the glands to specific target organs far from the site of release.

These glands retain their ducts, and their secretions empty through there ducts to an epithelial surface. (internal and external). These glands are a diverse group of glands and are found in different areas.

Unicellular glands are found where?

Describe a multicellular gland.

Name a type of unicellular exocrine gland:

Name the following type of gland.

It is scattered throughout epithelial lining of intestines and respiratory tubes, between columnar cells.

Which gland produces mucin, a glycoprotein that dissolves in water to become slimy; covers, protects and lubricates many internal body surfaces?

which glands  have two basic parts; secretory units and epithelium-walled ducts- thye are also classified by structure of duct- either simple (unbranched) or compound (branched). They are categorized by secretory unit structures; tubular (secretory cells that form tubes), alveolar-acinar-(secretory cells that form small flask-like sacs), and tubuloalveolar (secretory cells that form tubular and alveolar units)

What three factors act to bind epithelial cells to one another:

Name the type of cell junctions:

A belt-like junction that extends around a periphery (apical region), closes off extracellular space, and some proteins in plasma membrane of adjacent cells are fused. This prevents molecules from  passing between cells of epithelial tissue.

Name the type of cell junctions:

An anchoring junction  just  below tight junctions. Transmembrane linker proteins attach to  actin microfilaments of the cytoskeleton and bind adjacent cells. Together with tight junctions,  these form the tight junctional complex around apical lateral borders of epithelial tissues.

Name the type of cell junctions:
The main junctions for binding cells together, two disc-like plaques connected across intercellular space. Plaque of adjoining cells are joined by proteins called cadherins, proteins interdigitate into extracellular space and intermediate filaments insert into plaques from the cytoplasmic side.

Name the type of cell junctions:

A Tunnel-like passageway between two adjacent cells that can occur anywhere, allows small molecules move directly between neighboring cells. The cells are connected by hollow cylinders of proteins (connexons)

This is the border between the epithelia and the ndelying C.T. This thin, noncellular sheet consist of proteins secreted by the epithelial cells.

What are the functions of the basal lamina?

The basal lamina and reticular layers of the underlying connective tissue deep to it form  what?

Clinical application:
In untreated  cases of diabetes mellitus, the basement membrane associated with endothelium of capillaries thicken over time, probably because that take up glucose which is present in very high concentration.

What has finger-like extensions of plasma membrane, maximizes surface area across which small molecules enter or leave and is abundant in epithelia of small intestine and kidneys.

What has a whip-like, highly motile extension of apical surface membranes.

What is a set of microtubules that contains a core of nine pairs of microtubules encircling one middle pair; each pair of microtubules arranged in a doublet.

Describe the movement of a cilia.

Describe a flagellum.

What is an example of a flagellum?

Describe the movement of a flagellum.

What is a connective tissue?

Functions of a connective tissue.

Example of connective tissues are?

Describe osseous tissue

Describe areolar connective tissue

Describe adipose (fat) tissue

Describe hematopoietic tissue

What are the four main types of connective tissue?

What are the characteristic of connective tissue?

All types of C.T. orginate form the embryonic tissue called.

What is the function of extracellular matrix in C.T.?

What are the two structural components of the matrix?

Describe ground substance:

Describe fibers:

What are all fibers made from?

The prototypic connective tissue is;

Which tissue underlies almost all the epithelia of the body and surrounds almost all the small nerves and blood vessels?

What are the basic functions of areolar connective tissue?

Describe a collagen fiber.

What gives bundles of special type of collagen, clusters into networks (reticulum) that cover and support all structures bordering the C.T. When pulled these fibers glide freely past one another and "allow more give" thus capillaries are not choked by the surrounding these fiber when they expand.

Describe an elastic fiber;

Name the part of the extracellular matrix that holds the tissue fluid (derived form the blood). Consist of large sugar (glycosaminoglycans) and sugar-protein molecules (proteoglycans) that soak up fluid like a sponge.   Functions as a medium through which nutrients, wastes and other dissolved substances can diffuse between the blood capillaries and cells.

What does ground substance holds?

As a defense cell, how does areolar C.T. work?

As a defense cell what does areolar C.T. contain?

Within the areolar C.T., which following cells work to defend the body:

Which C.T. also stores (nutrients) energy reserved as fat. The larger, fat storing cells are called fat cells (adipose or adipocytes). The cytoplasm  of adipocytes is dominated by a single, giant lipid droplet that flattens the nucleus and cytoplasm at one end of the cell.

What are the subclasses of connective tissue proper?

Loose connective tissue consist of more cells & less matrix, also consist of which other C.T.

Dense (fibrous) connective tissue consist of less cells & more matrix, also consist of which other C.T.

Which C.T. proper does Areolar C.T. belong to?

Which C.T. proper does Adipose C.T. belong to?

Which C.T. proper does Reticular C.T. belong to?

Which connective tissue does its mass consist of 90% fat cells. It is highly vascularized, removes lipids from  the bloodstream after meals and later releases them into the blood as needed. Occurs in the hypodermis and the mesentries.

Which connective tissue resembles areolar tissue, but the only fibers present in the matrix are reticular fibers which hold many free cells. Can be found in the bone marrow, spleen, and lymph nodes (all have many free blood cells outside the capillaries).

This C.T. resembles areolar tissue, but the collagen fiber are much thicker. Collagen fibers run in different planes, allowig this C.T. to resist tension from different directions.

This connective tissue contains colllagen fibers  that run in the same direction... parellel to the direction of pull. Crowded between the  fibers are rows of fibroblasts, which continously produce the collagen fibers and scant ground substances. Unlike areolar it is poorly vascularized, has no fat or defense cells.

Can be found in few ligaments, bundles of elastic fibers outnumber the collagen fibers. For example the ligamentum flavum. Which connective tissue it this?

Describe cartilage.

Describe the matrix.

How much water does cartilage contain?

A firm, flexible tissue that contains no blood vessels or nerves and just one kind of cell called a chondrocyte (contained within a cavity called a lacuna).

Immature chondrocytes are called _____, which secrete the matrix during cartilage growth.

What are the three types of cartilages.

Which cartilage is this: consists of amorphous bu firm matrix; collagen fibers form an imperceptible network; chondroblasts produce matrix and when mature (chondrocytes) lie in lacuna.

What are the functions of hyaline cartilage?

The matrix of this cartilage consist of a glassy apperance.

Which cartilage is this: 
Matrix is similar to but less  firm than that in hyaline cartilage; thick collagen fibers predominate.

This cartilage resist tensile forces and has a more visible thicker collagen.

Functions of fibrocatilage.

Which cartilage is this:
 Is similar to hyaline cartilage but more elastic fiber in the matrix.

Functions of elastic cartilage

Which elastic snaps back to shape (recoil)?

Location of elastic cartilage.

Location of fibrocartilage.

This C.T. has a hard, calcified matrix, contains many collagen fibers; osteocytes lie in lacunae, and is very well vascularized.

What are osteoblasts?

What is an Osteocyte?

Which C.T do these functions associate with; support and protects organs, provides levers and attachments site for muscles, stores calcium, fat, and minerals. Marrow inside bones is the site for blood cells formation  (hematopoiesis)

This C.T. is the fluid in the blood vessel,it is themost atypical C.T., does not bind things together or give mechanical support

Why is blood classified as C.T.?

Blood functions as a transport vehicle for the _____ _____, carrying nutrients, waste, respiratory gases, and other substances throughout the body.

Describe Blood.

What is the function of blood?

These membranes are a combination of epithelial and connective tissues. They cover a broad area within the body and consist of an epithelial sheet plus the undelaying layer of the connective tissue proper. What are they?

The_____ _____ is the skin covering the outer surface of the body. the epithelium and the connective tissue proper.

What is an epithelium?

What is the connective tissue proper?

The _____ ______ lines the inside of every hollow internal organ that opens outside the body.

What membrane lines the tubes of the respiratory, digestive, reproductive,a nd urinary system.

Lines the inside of every hollow internal organ that opens outside the body. Lines the tubes of the respiratory, digestive, reproductive, and urinary system. All are wet and moist, but not all secrete mucus. All consist of an epithelial sheet directly above a layer of loose connective tissue called lamina propia.

Mucous membrane consist of an epithelial sheet directly above a layer of loose connective tissue called?

The _____ _____ are the slippery membranes that line the closed pleural, pericardial, and peritoneal cavities. All consist of a layer of simple squamous epithelium lying on a thin layer of areolar connective tissue.

Brings about most kinds of body movement.

Most _____ cells are called muscle fibers because they have an elongated shape and contract forcefully as they shorten.

Muscle tissues contain _____ a combination of actin and myosin allows cells to contract

There are three kinds of muscle tissue, what are they?

This muscle pulls on bones to cause body movement. Has long, large cylinders that contain many nuclei. Appear striated due to the organization of myofilaments

This muscle occurs in the wall of the heart. Contracts to propel blood through the blood vessels, like skeletal muscles it also appears striated. However,  each cell has just one nucleus and cardiac cells branch and joint at special cellular junctions called intercalated discs.

Cardiac cells branch and join at special cellular junctions called;

This muscle has no visibel striation in its cells. It  is spindle shaped and contains one centrally located nucleus. It is found in hollow walls of vicera (digestive and urinary organs, uterus and blood vessels) acts to squeeze substances through these organs

Which muscle are walls of most hollow organs?

The main component of the nervous organs.... the brain, spinal cord, and nerves which regulate and control body functions. Contains two types of cells... what are they?

These are highly specialized cells that generate and conduct electrical impulses. They have extensions that allow them to transmit impulses over great distances within the body.

These are non-conducting cells that nourish, insulate and protect the delicate neurons.