Brain and Behavior Exam 1

brain has many different regions, each region has a specific function

• 1. Brain stem 
• 2. Lymbic system 
• 3. Cerebral cortex

Basic survival functions

Brain stem

Basic mammalian function

Lymbic system

Advance cognitive processing (higher order mental thought)

Cerebral cortex

• 1. cerebellum
• 2. medulla
• 3. Pons
• 4. Reticular formation

responsible for coordinating muscle movement "motor control"

The right side

blood pressure and respiration

the medulla

• Regulates conscious state
• ex. How alert you are, whether you are awake or sleeping

Sense of touch

• 1. Thalamus
• 2. Hypothalamus
• 3. Hippocampus
• 4. Amygdala

Gets info from the reticular formation but also all the other 4 senses too.

Thalamus

responsible for sleep regulation, hunger regulation, thirst regulation, sexual behavior

Memory processing

• Processing emotion and fear 
• if removed or damaged emotions are affected

• 1. occipital lobe
• 2. temporal lobe
• 3. parital lobe
• 4. frontal lobe

only process information and sight

occipital lobe

• responsible for hearing information that comes through the thalamus 
• language processing

information of sense of touch

first through the reticular formation, then the thalamus

making decisions

Frontal lobe

axons

made up of cell bodies and dendrites

it sends information between the left and right brain

provide cushioning for the brain, lacks brain tissue, houses cerebral fluid, little spaces that allow us secondary circulation and lacks brain tissue

Central and peripheral

Brian and spinal cord

Somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system

muscle movement and touch

voluntary because we are able to control it and are consciously aware of it

Motor system and perceptual system

involuntary control because we do not control it. it is done subconsciously

sympathetic and parasympathetic

• fight or flight
• prepares your body for physical activities during stress
• ex. exercise

adrenaline and cortisol

• rest and digest
• opposite of sympathetic
• save energy and relax

• 1. Communicate and send signals throughout the nervous system
• 2. Changing structure and function
• 3. Form all the brain circuits

how neurons communicate with each other and pass information to the next neuron

1. cell body 2. axon 3. dendrite

membrane, nucleus, cytoplasms and organelles

sub branches that come out in the end

The end point of the collaterals

neurons and neuroglial cells

Play supporting roles to the nervous system

microglial and macroglial

• smallest glial cells 
• the brain does not have access to the body’s immune system so these guys clean up the pathogens that get in your brain

• 1. Provide some type of nutrient to neurons and other glial cells
• 2. Maintain blood pressure within the brain
• 3. Provide a structure/scaffolding to the rest of the brain
• 4. Form the myelin sheath

Wrap themselves around blood vessel to make it constrict or dilate

Form a weblike structure within the entire brain to form a structure to it, Add some firmness to the brain and rigid webbing

wrapping around the axon

it servers as electrical conductor and makes the action potential go ten to 100 times quicker than without the myelin sheath

insulation

at the base of the axon

an electrical pulse

beginning point of the action potential between where the axon and cell body meet

Impulse goes down the axon and the electrical impulse gets spread through all of the collaterals until it reaches every terminal

 Before it dissipates it triggers a reaction for activity in each of the terminals Neurotransmitter reside in the terminal of neurons, specifically the axons terminals

Like carrier pigeons, because they go and transfer the information to the next neuron Reason they leave is when the action potential reaches them and go to the synapse

Get across and attach to the dendritic terminal of another cell After they pass on the information they either go back to their neuron or disintegrated

the gap between neurons

something in our environment that we pick up through one of our senses, goes with our sensory memory

sensory, short term and long term

yes

less than 3 seconds

up to 30 seconds

5 to 9 items

linking items together to stay in your short term memory

consciously

keeping things in your short-term memory by repeating

making the item have meaning to it

when information goes to long term

unknown but really big

can last a lifetime

to get things back to our short term memory

subconsciously

explicit and implicit

information you think of with memories, math figures, facts, math equations, plot of movies, what your birthday is

Memory you can consciously  or verbally recall, use words to completely describe this memory.If you can use language to describe it

muscle memory, demonstrating how to walk, HOW TO SUCK DICK, HOW TO GET THE GOOD D IN THE POON


Can subconsciously recall You cannot say how but do it

Sensory memory as well is implicit

retrograde and anterograde

• trouble recalling information that you know or once knew
• Trouble of going back in time like childhood and what you did last week or 5 minutes ago

not being able to form new memories

• 1. Anterograde amnesia only, but remembered everything up to the surgery so there was no retrograde amnesia
• Were able to test him on his retrograde memory and he could recall old information

• 2.Only within the realm of long term memory, sensory memory and short term memory was still intact
• Tested his other memory and the duration, capacity, able to collect memory from all his senses for sensory

3. Only explicit long term memories was affected

biological rhythm, pattern that is genetically programmed and cannot be controlled

circannual and circadian

cycle that happens every year ex. mating, and hibernation

• it happens every day and last 24 hours
• daily

• environmental factors that affect the timing of the circadian rhythm 
• ex. dieting

• it is the brain structure that houses our neurons for the circadian rhythms 
• suprachiasmatic nucleus
• another name is the "master clock"

• the neurons rise in concentration then state degrading
• like DNA makes proteins and rise then degrade and do it every 24 hrs
• the protein that does it is the CLK protein (clock protein)

• When it is day the eyes give the signal to the SCN and gives it inhibition to not activate
• When it is night the eyes give the signal to the SCN to stimulate and get activated. then it sends it's signal to the pineal gland then when it is activated it makes melatonin

what is manufactured by the pineal gland and released into the bloodstream by the pineal gland

when 24 hr CLK, starts and stops and things get pushed later

damaged or removed tissue

• recording of the electrical waves sweeping across the brain’s surface, measured by electrodes placed on the scalp
• non-invasive technique

amplitude, frequency and synchrony

the height of the wave form

measure of how fast it is osculating up or down

How much they line up, the more aligned they are the more synchrony

low amplitude, low synchrony and high frequency,

14-30 hz

low amplitude and low synchrony, high frequency

amplitude and synchrony increase while frequency decreases

stage 3 and 4

• 4-5%- few minutes
• Transition to awake to sleep

• 45-55%
• Official sleep
• Still easily woken

deep sleep

rem sleep

90 minute cycles each

• non rem sleep 
• stages 1-4

high amplitude, high synchrony and low frequency

• Low sympathetic response
• High parasympathetic response
• Low overall brain activity
• Low overall metabolism
• Low core body temperature

rapid eye movement and stage 5

low amplitude and low synchrony and high frequency

• High sympathetic response
• Low parasympathetic response
• High overall brain activity
• High metabolism (sometimes greater than awake)
• Deregulation of body temperature control (depends of your environment type)

Physiological is like awake like states versus Deep sleep- like states

• Low ability to respond or have reflexes
• atonia - absence of tone (Muscle tone)- deeper muscle relaxation in REM
• Paralysis- you are paralyzed