Brain and Behavior Test 3

Unipolar and bipolar

• when you have an issue with only one pole
• usually depression

• When you have extremes in both ends 
• Can be at one side for a few months, days, or weeks, but then overtime you can gradually go to the other extreme

• depressed mood
• feelings of worthlessness
• Anhedonia- loss of pleasure of things you used to enjoy
• Cognitive deficits
• Fatigue
• Change in weight 
• Change of sleep pattern
• A change in motor activity
• Thoughts of suicide

Up to 20%

• Inflation of self esteem or grandiosity
• Decreased need for sleep
• Increased talkativeness
• Racing thoughts or ideas
• High level of distractibility 
• Increased goal activity
• Excessive involvement of activities in pleasurable activity with high risk

Major depressive disorder and dysthymia

it is characterized to an extreme amount of depression

Milder form of depression, not as intense but can last longer

• Fraternal: 18%
• Identical: 37%

• Fraternal: 32%
• Identical: 60%

• Fraternal: 17%
• Identical: 80%

It shows a gradient of genetic contribution comparing these disorder and the percentage difference between both fraternal and identical twins show the stronger genetic overlap the higher the chance you will get the disorder

study of source and cause of a disease and it can include the diagnosis of the disease

• decrease of grey matter (cell body and dendrites)
• During depressed states: decrease activity in frontal lobe
• Specific damage in the hippocampus, hypothalamus, and amygdala

• With an increase of stress
• Hypothalamus goes into hyperdrive and increases the release of hormones
• The pituitary gland goes into hyperdrive as well and increases the release of hormones to the adrenal gland which releases an increase of glucocorticoids (cortisol,epi, ne)
• into the bloodstream
• The bloodstream sends a large amount of cortisol to the hypothalamus

• the protein that breaks down other things that are in the liver
• Breaks down tyramine

chemical compound found in dairy products, meat, bread, alcohol, chocolate

having a hard time distinguishing what is real and not real, or a distortion from reality

• Hearing voices (first, most common symptoms)
• Seeing things that are not there
• Conspiracy theories

1% with no relative having it

things that are present that shouldn't be

things that are not present that should be there (absence of something)

psychotic and disorganized

hallucinations and delusions

specific to one of the five senses, usually hearing or vision

unfounded beliefs (conspiracies)

innapropriate/ bazar behavior and cognitive impariment

disorderly thoughts, illogical thinking, done in speech, bad grammar, incoherent

emotional dysregulation and impair motivation

lack of facial expression (failure to emote what they are feeling) and anadonia (hard to derive pleasure out of life, seeing no point)

social with withdrawal and alogia (reference to speech, reduction in speaking)

1%

2-6%

6-17%

46%

17%

48%

there is a genetic contribution to schizophrenia because the closer the relative is to you genetically your rate of having it goes up 

Genetica cannot be the only factor that contributes because it would be 100% if you were an identical twin not 48%

Increased stress level seems to be a contributing factor to schizophrenia 

The interaction between genetics (with having a schizophrenic mother) and stress produce amplified effects, with the interaction your chances increase of gaining the disorder, the slope is much more steeper

several developmental abnormalities are risk factors for schizophrenia

minor brain abnormalities/ damaged early in life and the link to prenatal, natal, neonatal difficulties

(one of more symptoms brings chance of having it up) premature birth, low birth weight, poor maternal nutrition, the season of birth effect, extreme maternal stress, head injuries, RH incompatibility, toxoplasmosis

A way to test your blood type

RH+ and RH-

if all red blood cells have Rh protein

if all red blood cells do not have Rh protein

• Baby is connected to the mother's red blood cells and if the baby's red blood cells go to the mother, her RBCs see the baby's Rh as a threat and attack it. SO the RBCs of the mother produces RH antibodies to combat the RH antigens from the baby so the RBC of the baby are getting destroyed by the mother.
• Because the job of the RBCs are to distribute oxygen and the baby's RBCs are getting destroyed by the mother, the baby is getting deprived of oxygen and the nervous system is getting damaged and caused the neurons to damage or die which can damage the baby's mental function.

• a pathogen found in cats and other felines, caused by pathogen called toxoplasma gondii
• it is transferred by feces
• lies in the immune system (dormant)cause damage to neurons in kids
• the easiest way to get it is by cleaning the litter box
• correlation or risk factor for a child with a pet cat is much stronger when they are young

• higher chance if you were born in winter 
• Fall- when mother is pregnant, it is the cold and flu season, they get ill and causes distress for the baby and the pathogens they get could lead to it

• If mother has fever their baby could get a fever and get brain damage
• Viruses can cross placenta and cause damage to development in nervous system
• Look at major epidemics where mother had flu in fall, higher of babies having it
• Looking at births farther away of the equator have higher rates of having schizo

• high or buzz
• disinhibition (do things you don't normally do on the drug)
• Calm
• Dream-like state
• Hallucination

may make a person want to stay in a location where they can easily use

• decreased pain
• anti-neausa
• increased appetite

• impaired judgement
• distorted sense of time
• deficits in learning and memory, verbal, and spatial skills, slowed RT

• motor deficits/coordination
• slowed RT
• 1st hour: increased heart rate and blood pressure, 5x risk of hear attack
• Overdose: not known to directly kill a person but may lead to a person suffering an accident or making a fatal mistake in the environment because of the awareness is affected by the drug
• SIGNs of an overdose: rapid heart rate, hallucinations, panic attacks, extreme paranoia

Psychologically and physiological

• irritability
• anxiety
• depression
• restlessness
• insomnia
• fatigue
• decreased appetite
• weight loss

• stomach pain
• sweating
• chills
• fever
• shaking
• headache

• addictive: both physiologically and psychologically
• anxiety and/or panic attacks
• suicidal thoughts
• immunsuppression (surppression of your immune response)
• amotivational syndrome (lack of inspiration, apathy, interest)
• Lung damage
• Decreased reproductibe function

• women: decrease lutenizing hormone (LH): supression of ovulation
• men: decrease sperm count

• reduced happiness
• poorer mental and physical health
• more relationship problems
• reduced academic and career success (increased absences, lateness, accidents and job turnover)