Criminology part 2

Sutherland

• offenders have legitimate access to their targets
• spatial separations from victims
• the superficial of legitimacy

• corporate culture
• normalization of deviance/crime
• pressure to be a team player

• WC lack a criminal identity 
• responsibility for WC offenses diffuse throughout organization /bureaucratic settings
• Often able to avoid stigmatized labels

• lack of external and institutional control over behavior
• creates contexts that are "organized for crime/ deviance"
• Anomie in the hyper-competitive corporate world and obsessions w/ profits

• must be content neutral
• must not be overly vague

crimes motivated by hatred towards the victim's race, religion, ancestry, sex. orientation

• classified as violent
• committed on basis of race and ethnicity
• rarely prosecuted

• hate speech is a form of discrimination against subordinate groups
• contributes to ongoing oppression/marginalization

• incident to arrest: immediate vicinity and arrestee
• vehicles (w/ probable cause)
• stop and frisk

• legal systems adhere to formal procedures
• broader concerns of guild, innocence, and justice are secondary considerations
• processes mean more than the ends

• 1972
• procedural flaws
• unitary trials
• lack of sentencing standards make the death penalty arbitrary

• separated trial from sentencing phase
• juries weigh aggravating factors against mitigating factors
• aggravating outweighs mitigating factors

• Not about whether death penalty is moral or effective
• issue about whether system follows consistent rules and procedures

• deterrence-nah
• incapacitation-less than 1% commit murders when released
• Cost-more expensive than life
• wrongful convictions

a social ritual designed to enhance social cohesion by reaffirming shared moral frameworks and cultural values

• the nature of punishment in a society varies by that society's level of complexity 
• traditional society- punishments tend to be harsher and more repressive 
• modern- punishments are more humans, less repressive and restitute

"the 8th amendment must draw its meaning from the evolving standards of decency that mark the progress of a maturing society"

• class bias-most are low econ status, cannot afford their own lawyer
• race biased- race of victim and biased jury selection

mass incarceration is similar to the original badges of slavery of the old jim crow

• black servitude reseestablished through sharecropping 
• AA were characterized as slothful, hypersexual, immoral, dirty, and polluted
• Black codes and disenfranchisment

• expansion of ag. tech. and manufacturing 
• black people moved to industirial northern cities and major southern cities
• created black middle class, vote, communities, and institutions

• white America to the violent brutality of southern segregation 
• cold war american hypocrisies
• intentional racism and help establish..
• legislation guaranteeing equal treatment
• established color blindness

• racism is outwards hatred and intentional discrimination
• race no longer matters
• US is a meritocracy
• minorities need to get past race
• minorities get preferential treatment
• reverse discrimination

obscures structural disadvantages faced by minorities

• supposedly race neutral but appealed to white prejudice and stereotypes
• severe policies decimated AA communities

• felons can be denied: housing, voting, employment, public benefits.
• Cant's afford transportation often
• acquire a lot of debt
• difficult to reintegrate into society
• continue to wear the badges of slavery