5. Viruses are replicated only when they are in a living host cell
6. No domain because they are not alive
Simple Stains
1. Highlights entire organism
2. Give no differentiating info
3. One stain used
Differential Stain
1. Highlights entire organism
2. Gives differntiating info about organisms being stained based on outcome
3. More than one type of stain used
Acid Fast Stains
Cell that is neither Gram Positive or Negative but instead has a waxy cell wall which isn't stained by gram staining process.
Bacteria with waxy cell walls are acid positive and will stain hot pink
Everything else is acid fast negative and will stain blue
Compare Prokaryotes with Eukaryotes
Pro Euk
No Nucleus Nucleus
Circular Chrome Reg Chrome
No Histones Histone &
Non Histone
No Membrane Membrane
Bound Bound
Organelles Organells
Always have Does Not always
cell wall Have cell wall
Binary Fission Mitosis/Meiosis
Histone
The protein DNA winds around
Coccus
Ball
Bacillus
Hotdog
Spiral
Spiral
Name the bacteria shapes
Coccus
Bacillus
Spiral
Name the cocci arrangements
1. Diplo - OO
2. Strepto - OOOOOOOOOOO
3. Staphlo - OOOO
OOO
OOOOO
Coccobacilli - Inbetween
Vibrio
One curve, looks like a comma
Spirillia/Spirochete
More than one curve
Name the structures outside the cell
1. Capsule
2. Flagella
3. Axial Filaments
4. Fimbriae
5. Conjugation Pili
Capsule
Location: Outermost Layer
Function: Attachment Feature/Protection
Flagella
Location: Appendage sticking out of cell
Function: Taxis/Motility
Prokaryotes have flagella NOT cilia
Axial Filaments
Location: Under outer membrane - spirochete only
Function: Motility
Fimbriae
Location: Appendage sticking out of cell
Function: Attachment and in some cases movement (attach, pull, attch, pull...)
Conjugation Pili
Location: Appendage sticking out of cell
Function: Exchange of genetic materials
Gram neg only
Contents of Gram Positive Cell Wall
Pepidoglycan (~ 90%) - Structure
Teichoic Acids - Transport
- Meshwork in cell wall where molecules attach to travel through the wall
Contents of Gram Negative Cell Wall
LPS - Selective Permeability
Periplasm - Defense/Transport
- Space between lipid layers is filled with periplasm. It acts as a moat to prevent "things" from getting across. The goo is filled with toxins. Causes a spike in symptoms in the patients because the goo gets released into the body.
Porin - Transport
- Stuck in LPS
Peptidoglycan (~10%) - Structure
Structures internal to cell wall
1. Plasma Membrane
2. Cytoplasm
3. Nucleoid
4. Plasmid
5. Ribosomes
6. Inclusions
7. Endospores
Plasma Membrane
Location: Surrounds cytoplasm
Function: Semi Permeable Membrane
Cytoplasm
Location: Fills inside of plasma membrane
Function: Storage
Provide Aqueous Environment
Nucleoid
Location: Whereever chromosomes are in the cytoplasm
Function: Genetic information necessary for cell reproduction
Plasmid
Location:Within Cytoplasm
Function: Extra chromosomal DNA that may aid in bacterial survival
Ribosomes
Location: Throughout Cytoplasm
Function: Protein Synthesis
Inclusions
Location: Within cytoplasm
Function: Reserve deposits of extra necessary materials
Endospores
Location: ONE within cytoplasm
Function: "Resting" version of bacterial cell that is extremely durable and can survive adverse conditions
3 Good Bacteria and what they do...
1. Saccharomyces exiguus - Sourdough Bread
2. In sewage treatment they convert liquid and organic materials in carbon dioxide and other useful chemicals
3. Decompose dead plants and return cardon dioxide to the atmosphere