English 20-2

Socrates taught his students by asking them questions and encouraging them to ask questions too.

the events in which take place

• FIRST PART - Exposition or introduction - sets the scene; introduces the main characters; and, provides background information (what happened before the story started)
• MIDDLE PART - the rising action that begins with an initial incident - contains a complication, problem or tension; as the middle section unfolds the tension increases; encourages readers to predict the ending; and, the rising action is ended with the climax
• FINAL PART - contains the falling action and the denouement - reveals the consequences of the climax; resolves the tension; and, ties up loose ends.

Exposition is the first part of the plot line (flat), setting, characters, situation, mood, and antecedent action are introduced.

Rising Action is several actions that build up to the climax of the story.

Initial Incident is the action that starts the chain of events of a story.

Suspense is the reader's or audience's curiosity of what will happen

Foreshadowing is a hint or clue of what will happen in the story later.

The climax of the story is the high point of the story or the turning point of the story.

Falling action is the revealing of the consequences of the climax.

Denouement is the conclusion of the story.

Irony is an idea that implies a discrepancy or incongruity between two things.

Irony is used to suggest the complexity of an experience or to give an indirect evaluation by the author of his material.

Verbal Irony means the speaker says one thing but means another. 

For example, When the weather is bad, the person says "It's a nice day!"

Situational Irony is a discrepancy between what actually happens, and what would seem appropriate between appearance and reality or between expectation and fulfillment (a reversal of expectations).

For example, in Oh Henry's "The Gift of the Magi", the husband pawns his gold watch to buy his wife the comb for her hair, and the wife sells her comb so she could buy her husband's watch.

Dramatic Irony happens when the reader or audience is aware of something more than the characters of the story. There is a discrepancy between what a character says or thinks, and what the reader or audience knows to be true.

For example, In "Macbeth", the King says about Cawdor: "He was a man on whom I had an absolute trust." The King said this about Macbeth who was plotting the King's murder.

Setting is the place and time.

Plot is the sequence of events.

Point of View is how the story is told

First Person Point of View is narrated by the character of the story. It uses the words "I" and "we".

Third Person Omniscient Point of View is an external narrator that knows all. This story uses "he", "she", or "they".

Third Person Objective Point of View is an external narrator that DOES NOT know any of the thoughts or feelings of the characters.

Third Person Limited Point of View is an external narrator that only knows the thoughts and feelings of one character.

Theme is a general statement of truth suggested by the story

Flat character is an one dimensional character.

A round character is a complex, multidimensional character.

A stereotyped character is one that is typical that represents a pre-established "type of person"

A dynamic character is a character that has a permanent change in attitude or understanding.

A static character is a character that does not change.

Dilemma is a choice between two unfavorable alternatives

Symbol is something that represents an idea greater than itself

Flashback is going back in time to an earlier event in the story. It is usually done in the character's memory.

Character foils is two opposite characters that emphasize each other's traits.

Antecedent action is something that happens before the events of the story.

Plot line is diagramming the way of the story

Protagonist is the main character of the story who has a conflict.

Realism is a story that attempts to be like real life.

Fantasy is a story that goes beyond what we typically believe to be real.

Satire is a story that ridicules some aspect of the real world.

Science Fiction is a story usually set in the future with more advanced science and technology.

Allegory is a story that has meaning beyond the literal

Mood is the way the reader or audience is made to feel

Tone is the feelings and attitude of the speaker or author

Juxtaposition is contract for effect

Universality is true for all people in all places at all times

Artistic Unity is all the elements of the works of art come together for a common purpose

Verisimilitude means true to life.

Motivation means the reasons why someone does something.

Dialogue is characters talking to each other

Conflict is a problem or tension between two forces

An antagonist is the force against the protagonist.

Allusion is a reference to history or literature, etc.

Dialect is the way people speak in a certain geographical area.

An epiphany is a revelation, a sudden understanding or an awakening

Mystery is when the reader or audience is trying to find the answer to the unknown.

Resolution is how the conflict is resolved.

Fiction is a story with imagined characters and events.

Inference is when the reader or audience must make an educated guess

Motif is a recurring image or idea

• PLAN IT
• 1. Understand the topic
• 2. Brainstorm ideas
• 3. Organize the best ideas into an outline

• WRITE IT
• 4. Introduction Paragraph - includes hook, explanation and thesis
• 5. Body paragraph - includes topic sentences
• 6. Body paragraph - includes explanations, examples and transitions
• 7. Conclusion - includes re-statement of thesis statement and exiting sentences

• CHECK IT
• 8. Check the parts - Are they all there?
• 9. Check the ideas - Do they stick to the topic?
• 10. Check the text - Is it accurate? Is it effective?