chpt21

• Nose
• nasal cavity
• pharynx
• epiglottis
• Have goblet cells covered in slimy glycoprotiens called mucous.

Produce mucus which collects bacteria and airborne partials for removal via mucocillary escalator.

tonsils

Infrection by viruses or bacteria. Creates a runny nose

• Staphylococcus
• Corynebacterium
• Moraxella
• Haemophilus
• Bacteroides
• Streptococcus

• Bacteria.
• Causative agent: Streptococcus pyogenes, Beta-hemolytic 
• Signs & Symptoms: Sore red throat, often with white, pus follicles on tonsils or back of throat, tenderness of lymph nodes of throat
• Epidemiology: direct contact and droplet infection
• Treatment:  antibiotics
• Other: untreated cases can subsequently produce rheumatic fever or glomerulonephritis in some patients

• BACTERIA
• Causative agent: Corynebacterium diptheriae 

Signs & Symptoms: fever, fatigue, and malaise; often with a white pseudomembrane forms on the tonsils

Pathogenesis:   Primarily droplet transmission, upper respiratory infection; exotoxin (A-B toxin) is released and absorbed by the body; toxin kills cell by blocking protein synthesis

Epidemiology:   inhalation of droplets; direct contact with patient; indirect contact with fomites

Treatment:  antitoxin; antibiotics to prevent transmission

Prevention: toxoid vaccine, childhood series w/periodic adult boosters

• BACTERIA
• Causative agents: Haemophilus influenzae & Streptococcus pneumoniae

Signs & Symptoms:

1) increased tears, red & swollen conjunctiva, sensitivity to light, large amounts of pus

2) Severe earache, sometimes producing vomiting; sometimes fever

3) Facial pain and pressure in sinus area, headache, severe malaise, thick green nasal discharge & sometimes pus and blood

Pathogenesis: direct contact and droplet infection of eyes or nose

Epidemiology: carriers can reach 80% in the absence of disease; virulence of bacteria, crowding, and levels of respiratory viruses are all important factors.

Treatment:  strain specific antibiotic drops for pink-eye; amoxicillin for the other two (decongestants and antihistamines are not recommended)

Other: Earache is common between 2 mos and 5 years, when most become immune to H. influenzae. Sinusitis typically occurs on older children and adults.