ATP hydrolysis

• drives synthesis of metabolites
• phosphorylated compounds are more reactive

• ΔG’o-biochemical standard free energy
• ΔGp- actual free energy change for ATP hydrolysis

• Phosphatases-H2O is an acceptor/nucleophile
• phosphodiesterases- H2O is an acceptor/nuc
• phosphorylases-phosphate is a nucleophile
• kinases-nucelophile is not water

• phosphatases: glucose phosphatases
• enzyme grabs phosphate and adds an alcohol

• Polynucleotide Phosphorylase
• oxygen of phosphorus attacks phosphoryl group of RNA chain
• PNpase

• RNAase A:alcohol from carbon 2 of glucose attacks phosphate and forms cyclic phosphate
• water removes c-o bond from 2nd carbon on glucose

pyruvate kinase: pyruvate grab phosphorus and it forms PEP

pyruvate can form an enol form

can be used to create ATP anaerobically

E=E⁰ + (RT/nF) ln (acceptor/donor)

niacin deficiency=levels of reduced NADHall dehydrogenases affectedenergy supply reducedNiacin was first isolated at U