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Relationship between glycolysis, PDH, and the krebs cycle
glucose--(glycolysis)->2 pyruvate--(PDH)-->Acetate---->Krebs
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Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Reaction
- pyruvate----> Acetyl-CoA
- involves CoASH, NAD, releases CO2
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Krebs: name of intermediates
Acetyl-CoA + Oxaloacetate, Citrate, Isocitrate, OxaloSuccinate, aKG, Succinyl-CoA, Succinate, Fumarate, L-Malate, Oxaloacetate
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Krebs: reactions that yield CO2
- Oxalosuccinate---> aKG
- aKG--->Succinyl-CoA
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Krebs: reactions that yield FADH, NAD(P)H and GTP
- Isocitrate--->Oxalosuccinate(NADPH)
- aKG------>Succinyl-CoA(NADH)
- Succinyl-CoA---->Succinate(GTP)
- Succinate----->FUmarate(FADH)
- L-Malate--->Oxaloacetate(NADH)
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Total ATP yield from 1 molecule of glucose
30 or 32
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Stages is lipid digestion
- bile salts emulsify fat into micelles
- lipases convert triacylglycerides into fatty acids
- newly formed triglycerides are carried to liver and adiposedifferent locations with Chylomicrons
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Steps of fatty acid oxidation Acetyl-CoA
- Activation w/ CoA
- Transport into the matrix w/ carnitine
- Oxidation to
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Role of digestive system in degrading proteins
- degradation takes place in the liver
- oxidation to CO2, amino groups are removed by transamination
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PLP
- Pyridoxal Phosphate, from Vitamin B12
- most versatile cofactor
- forms schiff base
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Overall transamination reaction
Amino acid+PLP----> a keto acid + PLP(NH3)
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Role of Gutamate dehydrogenase and transaminases in producing ammonia
linking GluDH and Transamination produces NH4+
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Enzymatic synthesis of Carbamoyl phosphate
- recaptures toxic ammonia
- Bicarbonate--(ATP)--carbonic phosphate
- ---(NH4)--carbonic H2N
- --(ATP)--carbamoyl (phosphate+H2N)
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4 steps of urea cycle
- Ornithine + carbamoyl phosphate->citrulline
- citrulline+aspartate--(ATP)->Arginosuccinate
- Arginosuccinate-(Fumurate leaves)-->Arginine
- Arginine + H2O---> Urea + Ornithine
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NH3 equivalents released and ATP equivalents used by the Urea Cycle
?
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Role of methyl-THF in methionine synthase
assist in the conversion of methane to homocysteine (adds a methyl group)
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Enzymatic roles of SAM
- participates in radical rxns
- involved with mutases
- main cofactor used for methyl transferase
- 1000x more reactive than N5-Methyl-THF
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understand steps in Phe/Tyr metabolism
gotcha
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PKU
- phenylketonuria
- phenylalanine converts phenylalanine-pyruvate
- happens at the first step of Phe/Tyr pathway w/ NADH oxidation
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alkaptonuria
- stops the conversion of homogentisate to fumarate and acetoacetate
- a step further down the metabolism chain
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Steps in alkane AA metabolism
V, I, L---PLP--> aKA--(dehydrogenase)->(CO2)Acyl CoA
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MSUD
- stops the Branched Chain aKA dehydrogenase reaction
- need AA diet regulation
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