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Stored energy
nucleotide + 1 or 2 Pi
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Hydrolysis of __________ (first/ middle/ terminal) phosphate of ATP releases how much energy??
Terminal; ~7.3 kcal/mole
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ATP --> ?
ADP + Pi + ENERGY
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Mitochondria
membranous organelle producing ATP; powerplant of cell
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context: mitochondria amounts
RBC
none
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context: mitochondria amounts
liver cells
multiple
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context: mitochondria amounts
muscle cells
multiple
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context: mitochondria
outer membrane
separates mitochondria from cytoplasm
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context: mitochondria
inner membrane
- folds (cristae) increase surface area = increased ATP production.
- location of ETC (oxidative phosphorylation & mucho ATP
- production)
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context: mitochondria
matrix
- “Liquid” inside inner membrane
- -location of TCA cycle
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anabolism
- sum of all synthesis reactions.
- small molecules --> larger molecules; requires energy
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why do cells synthesize new organic molecules (3)?
- 1. Cell growth
- 2. maintenance
- 3. repair & synthesis of energy reserves (glycogen, proteins)
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catabolism
- sum of all decomposition reactions
- larger molecules --> smaller molecules; produces energy (directly – cleave and get energy from ATP or indirectly
- – take it to make other things like TCA and get the energy later.)
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2 reasons products go into "nutrient pools"
- 1) Anabolism: making new molecules
- 2) Further Catabolism in mitochondria: 40% = ATP synthesis; 60% = ‘lost’ as heat
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metabolism
- anabolism + catabolism
- All chemical reactions occurring in organism
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context: mitochondria's energy sources
1st choice
- Glucose - Source: diet & glycogen stores (liver/muscle)
- -only fuel the brain uses under non-starvation conditions & only fuel that RBCs use
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context: mitochondria's energy sources
2nd choice
- Triglycerides - TG --> F.A. + glycerol
- -Source: diet & triglyceride stores (adipocytes)
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context: mitochondria's energy sources
3rd choice
- Proteins - Protein --> amino acids
- -Source: diet & protein stores (muscle) only used under duress
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context: carbohydrate metabolism
cellular respiration
- the use of O2 to convert organic molecules into CO2 & H2O (by removing electrons) in order to create energy
- C6H12O6 + 6O2 --> 6CO2 + 6 H2O + Energy
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4 processes involved in cellular respiration (and O2 requirement)
- 1) glycolysis - molecular O2 not needed = anaerobic
- 2) TCA Prep - O2 Indirectly needed
- 3) TCA cycle - O2 Indirectly needed
- 4) Electron transport chain (ETC) - O2 Directly needed
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Coenzymes
- Non-protein, organic molecules; usually vitamins.
- Carry hydrogen atoms (H) released during cellular respiration
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Context: Coenzymes
H atom
- = proton (H+) + electron (e-).
- -2H reduce NAD+ & FAD into NADH & FADH2
- -Note: NADH = NADH + H+ (NADH has 2 e-)
- -NADH & FADH2 are used to make ATP in ETC
- H = reduced!
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NAD stands for
- Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide
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FAD stands for
- Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide
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1 NADH = ? ATP
- 2 or 3 ATP
- 2 = NADH made during glycolysis only yields 2 ATPs
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Glycolysis
location?
process?
- cytoplasm;
- 1)Glucose phosphorylated
- -->2 ATPs used
- -->can’t exit cell
- 2) 6 Carbon converted into 2 @3 Carbon
- 3) Oxidation of G-3P via NAD+
- -End product of 2 Pyruvate
- 4) 1 Glucose converted into 2 pyruvate / pyruvic acid (same thing)
- 4 ATP generated
- NOTE: Start up Cost of 2 ATP
- Pay-o-la = 2 ATP (cash) and 2 NADH (Checks)
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