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good-of-fit
-the idea that behavior is problematic or not problematic depending on the environment in which it occurs
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culture-bound illness
- abnormal behaviors specific to a particular location or group
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abnormal behavior
- behavior inconsistent with person's developmental, culturl, and societal norms causing distress and dysfunction
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clinical presentation
- symptoms that cluster together
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etiology
- how the disorder begins
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developmental stage
- whether a disorder looks different in a child than an adult
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finctional impairment
- immediate and long term consequences of having the disorder
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contextual factors
- age, race, gender, ethnicity
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developmental trajectory
- idea that common sympoms of a disorder may vary depending on a person's age
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downward drift
- phenomenon of decreased success in life because of the affects of a disorder
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trephination
- - drilling a hole in someone's head to release demons from the brain
- - practiced in ancient cultures like Egypt
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Hippocrates
- - father of medicine
- - identified hallucinations, delusions, melancholia, mania, hysteria
- - abn. behav. occurs when environment and physical factors cause imbalance in 4 humours
- - advocated patient removal from family foreshadowing institutions
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Hippocrates 4 humours
- yellow bile, black bile, blood, phlegm
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Galen
- successor to Hippocrates ideas
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mass hysteria
- group of people share a belief not based in fact
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emotional contagion
- automatic mimicry and synchronization of expressions, vocalizations, postures, and movements of one person by another
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lycanthropy
- people believe they're possessed by wolves
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tarantism
- belief that a tarantula bite would cause death unless the person danced wildly
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Philippe Pinel
- created an asylum for men
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William Tuke
- - created an asylum out of a house for people with mental illnesses to live
- - "kindness and occupation" moral treatment
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Benjamin Rush
- - mental illness caused by blood vessels in brain
- - mind most important area of study
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Dorothea Dix
- - associated with humane care
- - US schoolteacher concerned with mental illness
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animal magnetism
- force that Mesmer believed fowed within the body and when impeded caused disease
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placebo effect
- symptoms of illness diminish because patient believes treatment is effective
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psychoanalysis
- - associated with Freud
- - many aspects of behavior controlled by unconscious innate biological urges existing from infancy
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talking cure
- discussion of psych distress with a trained professional
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schizophrenia
- disorder involving abnormal thought, perception, and behavior
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dementia praecox
- Kraepelin's name for disorder of deterioration of mental faculties (now schizophrenia)
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classical conditioning
- - Ivan Pavlov
- - conditioned stimulus paired with unconditioned stimulus to produce a conditioned response
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behaviorism
- -John Watson
- - the only appropriate objects of scientific stufy are observable measurable behaviors
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scientist-practitioner approach
- - concept that when providing treatment to patients, clinicians rely on findings of research and when researching they focus on topics that help guide and improve psychological care
- - everything done by psychology and for psychology
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neuroscience
- study of structure and function of the nervous system and interaction of the system and behavior
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biological scarring
- years of living with a disorder cause physical changes in the brain
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behavioral genetics
- study of the role of genes and environment in the transmission of behavioral traits
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viral infection theory
- during or shortly after prenatal period a virus might cause a psych disorder
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psychoanalytical regions (3)
- id- inner drives, urges
- ego- mediates the id's impulses
- superego- conscience
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Freud's sexual stages
- oral phase
- anal phase
- phallic phase
- latency phase
- genital phase
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ego psychology
- form of psychodynamic theory that focuses on conscious motivations and healthy forms of human functioning
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operant conditioning
- - B.F. Skinner
- - behavior is learned or changed by what happens afterward
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reinforcement
- reward that strengthens the response that precedes it
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vicarious conditioning
- learning where the person doesn't need to do the behavior to learn it (learning by observation)
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phenomenology
- - school of thought
- - one's subjective perception of the world is more important than the way the world actually is
- - (humanistic model)
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sociocultural model
- abnormal behavior must be understood within the context os social and cultural forces
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biopsychosocial perspective
- - biological, psychological, and social factors probably contribute to developing abnormal behavior
- - different factors affect different people
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diathesis-stress model
- - psyc disorders may have a biological predisposition (diathesis) that lies dormant until environmental stress occurs and the conbination produces abnormal behavior
- - bio + environment triggers abn. behav.
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translational research
- - focuses on communication between basic science and applied clinical research
- - applying scientific findings
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central nervous system
- brain and spinal cord
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peripheral nervous system
- - somatic NS - sensation and muscle movement
- - automonic NS - involuntary movements and homeostasis
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brain stem
- - at base of brain, controls fundamental functions like breathing
- - midbrain - coordinates sensory info and movement
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forebrain
- part of brain including limbic system, basal ganglia, and cerebral cortex
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temporal lobe
- auditory and verbal info, labeling objects, verbal memory
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parietal lobe
- sensory info and visuospatial processing
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occipital lobe
- visual processing
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frontal lobe
- reasoning, impulse control, judgment, memory, language, problem solving, social behavior
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endocrine system
- sends messages to bodily organs through hormones
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neurotransmitters
- chemical substances relaying electrical signals between one neuron and the next
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neuroanatomy
- brain structure
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neuroimaging
- technology that takes pics of the brain
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familial aggregation
- examining whether family members of a person with a disorder are more likely to have the disorder than family members of people without the disorder
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proband
- in familial aggregation the person with a disorder in the study
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genomwide linkage analysis
- studying many families with many individuals who have the same disorder or large samples of relatives with the same disorder to see what genomic regions if any influence a trait
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candidate gene association study
- compares genes of people with disorders to genes of people without disorders
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genomewide association study
- searching the human genome comparing cases and controls for evidence of association
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case study
- - not generalizeable
- - able to gain great insight into a specific unique case
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single case designs
- -ABAB research design
- - experimental studies on a single individual
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controlled group designs
- - groups of participants exposed to different conditions
- - experiment group(s)
- - control group
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random assignment
- each participant has an equal probability of being assigned to each experimental or control group
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cohort
- group of people who share a characteristic and move forward in time as a unit
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cross sectional design
- participants are assessed once for the specific variable under investigation
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longitundinal design
- design where participants are assessed at least two times and often more over a certain time interval
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epidemiology
- the prevalence and incidence of mental disorders and factors that influence those patterns
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prevalence
- number of cases of a disorder in a given population at a specific time
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incidence
- number of new cases that emerge in a given population during a period of time
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comorbidity
- existence of more than one disorder at the same time in the same person
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clinical assessment
- gathering info about a person and their environment to make decisions about the nature of psyc problems
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screening
- trying to identify psyc problems or predict risk among people not referred for clinical assessment
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differential diagnosis
- weighing how likely it is a person has one diagnosis instead of another
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clinical significance
- observed change meaningful in clinical fuctioning
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self referent comparisons
- comparing present performance on a test with past performance
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reliability
- how well a test is consistent in getting the same score
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interrater agreement
-amount of agreement between two clinicians using the same measure on the same patient
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validity
- degree to which a test measures what its supposed to measure
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clinical interviews
- conversations between a patient
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unstructured interviews
- interview in which the clinician decides what questions to ask and how to ask them
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structured interview
- interview where the clinician asks a standard set of questions word for word
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personality test
- psyc test that measures personality characteristics
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IQ
mental age / actual age
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intelligence quotient
- score of cognitive functioning that compares a persons score to their peers
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projective tests
- - tests derived from psychoanalysis in which people are asked to respond to ambiguous stimuli
- - e.g. Rorchach ink blot test
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functional analysis
- - behavioral analysis or functional assessment
- - attempting to identify causal links between problem behaviors and environmental variables
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behavioral observation
- - measurement of behavior as it occurs by someone other than the person whose behavior is being observed
- - (naturalistic observation)
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behavioral avoidance tests
- - asking a patient to approach a feared situation as closely as possible
- - e.g. asking someone afraid of heights to climb a set of stairs outside as high as they can
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psychophysiological assessment
- measure brain structure, function, and nervous activity
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EEG
-directly assesses electrical activity in the brain
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multiaxial system of diagnosis
- requires classifying a patient's behavior on five different dimensions
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