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How man muscles are in the Muscular System?
700
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What are the Three Types of muscle tissue?
Skeletal, cardiac, and smooth
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Is skeletal involuntary or voluntary?
Voluntary
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Cardiac muscle and smooth muscle is involuntary or voluntary
involuntary
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What does Involuntary and voluntary mean?
Involuntary is something you are not aware of and voluntary is something you are.
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Where are involuntary muscles mostly found?
In walls of organs, used primarily to push substances through tubes.
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Which muscle attaches to bone directly or indirectly and preform specific functions?
Skeletal
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What are the functions of skeletal muscle?
produce skeletal movement, maintain posture and body position, support soft tissues, regulate the entering and exiting of materials, and maintain body temperature.
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Skeletal muscle fiber arise from embryonic cells called
Myoblasts
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Why does skeletal muscle fibers have more than one nucleus during development?
Because during development groups of embryonic cells fuse together to form a single muscle fiber
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rectus means
muscle fiber orientation and direction
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Flexure carpi radialis means
Lateral forearm muscle that bends the wrist
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What three concentric layers of connective tissue is wraps each muscle fiber?
Epiysium, perimysium, and endomysium
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What are Tendons or Aponeuroses?
They are at the ends of muscles and attach the muscle to other structures.
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Connective tissue surrounding skeletal muscle are collectively called..
Deep Fascia
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Communication between a neuron and a muscle fiber occur across the..
Neuromuscular junction or Myoneural junction
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What three components do skeletal muscle cells have?
Sarcolemma, sarcoplasm, and sarcoplasmic reticulum
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_________ is large multinucleated cell
Skeletal muscle cell
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Invaginations, or deep indentations, of the sarcolemma into the sarcoplasm of the skeletal muscle cell are called
Transverse ( T ) Tubules
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The transverse tubules carry the electrical impulse that stimulates contraction into the sarcoplasm, which contain numerous amounts of..
microfibrils.
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Protein filaments insides a myofibril are organized into repeating functional units called
Sarcomeres
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Myofilaments form
Myofibrils
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Myofibrils consist of
thin and thick filaments
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Myofibril is..
the structure with in the muscle fibers that shorten to cause skeletal muscle fiber contraction.
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What is the sliding filament theory of muscle contraction..
explains how a muscle fiber exerts tension (a pull) and shortens.
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The four-step contraction process includes
actives sites from thin filaments and cross bridges of thick filaments.
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Sliding involves a cycle of ...
"Attach, Pivot, Detach, and Return" for the myosin bridges.
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At rest the necessary interactions are prevent by which two associated proteins on thin filaments?
Tropomyosin and Troponin
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Contraction is a ________ Process?
Active
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Elongation is a _______ process
Passive
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Elongation can occur where?
either through elastic forces or through the movement of other, opposing muscles
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Amount of tension is _______ to the degree of ________
proportional, overlap between thick and thin filaments
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Neural control of muscles involves
a link between release of chemicals by the neurons and electrical activity in the sarcolemma leading to the initiation of contraction.
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Each muscle fiber is controlled by what?
a neuron at a neuromuscular junction
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Each neuromuscular junction includes what?
Synaptic terminal, synaptic vesicles, and synaptic cleft.
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What is Acetylcholine (Ach)?
its release leads to the stimulation of the motor end plate and the generation of electrical impulses the spread across the sarcolemma.
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What are Acetylcholinesterase (AchE)?
They break down Ach and limits the duration of the stimulation.
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Summarize Muscle Contraction.
Ach Release from synaptic vesicles> binding of Ach to the motor plate> generation of an electrical impulse in the sarcolemma> conduction of the impulse along T tubule> release of calcium ions by the SR> exposure of active sites on the thin filaments> Cross bridge information and contraction.
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What happens to the bands during contraction?
the I band begins to disappear, the A band remains constant, the H bands gets smaller, and the Z line moves closer together
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what indicates how precisely controlled muscle movements are?
Motor units
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What is a Muscle Twitch?
A single momentary muscle contraction and it is a response to a single stimulus.
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What is the All or None principle?
Means that a muscle fiber either contracts completely or does not contract at all.
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What muscle fiber type twitches fast?
A large muscle fiber
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What are motor units doing to a muscle at rest?
Motor units are randomly stimulated so that a constant tension is maintained in the attached tendon.
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This resting tension in a skeletal muscle is called?
Muscle tone.
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What does Resting Muscle tone do?
It stabilizes bone and joints
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Excessive repeated stimulation to produce near-maximal tension in skeletal muscle can lead to what?
Hypertrophy of the stimulated muscles
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Inadequate stimulation to maintain resting muscle tone causes muscles to become flaccid and under go what?
Atrophy
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What are the three types of skeletal fiber?
Fast Fibers, slow fibers and intermediate fibers
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Where are fast fibers and slow fibers not found?
In the eye and hands.
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What are Fast Fibers?
They are large in Diameter, they contain densely packed myofibrils, large glycogen reserves and relatively few mitochondria.
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What do Fast Fibers produce?
They produce rapid and powerful contractions of relatively brief durations.
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What are Slow Fibers?
They are about half the diameter of fast fibers, and they take three times as long to contract after stimulation.
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Slow Fibers are specialized to do what?
They are specialized to enable muscles to continue contraction for extended periods.
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What are intermediate fibers?
They are similar to fast and slow fibers, although they have greater resistance to fatigue.
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Fibers with one motor unit are of the same type. True or false?
True
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The powerful muscle fiber arrangement is..
Pennate
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A muscle can be classified according to the arrangement of fibers and fascicles which include?
Parallel Muscle, convergent muscle, pennate muscle, or circular muscle.
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Which muscle is are the fascicles are parallel to the long axis of the muscle? Ex. Biceps
Parallel Muscle
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What is a convergent muscle? and where can it be found?
It is muscles fibers based over a broad area but all fibers come together at a common attachment site. It can be found in pectoralis group.
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What is a Pennate Muscle?
They are one or more tendons that run through the body of the masucle, and the fascicles from a oblique angle to the tendon.
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When Pennate muscle contracts its generates more tension than what other Skeletal Muscle Fiber of the same size?
Parallel muscle.
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There are three types of Pennate Muscle which are?
Unipennate, Bipennate, and mutipennate.
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What Skeletal muscle fiber are concentrically arranged around an opening?
Circular Muscle
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Each may be identified by what?
Origin, insertion, and primary action.
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What four classification of Skeletal Muscle Fibers?
Prime mover, Agonist, Synergist, or Antagonist
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Names of muscles often hint what about muscles?
Location, orientation, and funcation
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A ______ is rigid structure that moves on a fixed point called the ________?
Lever, Fulcrum
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Levers can change what?
Direction, speed or distance of muscle movements.
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Levers maybe classified in three ways.
First-class, second-class and Third-Class
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