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What is LIFE (cellular vision of life)?
- Metabolism
- Regulated growth
- Reproduction
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How is "life" studied ?
- Molecular
- Cellular
- Organism (anatomy and physiology)
- Evolution
- Ecology
- Behavior
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What are microbes?
- Organisms that are not visible to the naked eye
- Organisms that pass through a stage that is not visible to the naked eye (like worms that we can see as an adult but not larvae)
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Microbes have a wide variety of different size
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Comparing features:
Helminths "worms"
- Cell type/ Structure: Eurkaryote/Multicelluar
- Nucleus: Yes
- Genetic Material: DNA linear
- Motile: Some
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Comparing features:
Protozoa
- Cell type/ Structure: Eurkaryote/Multicelluar
- Nucleus: Yes
- Genetic Material: DNA linear
- Motile: Some
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Comparing Features:
Fungi
- Cell type/ Structure: Eurkaryote/Multicelluar
- Nucleus: Yes
- Genetic Material: DNA linear
- Motile: Some Stages
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Comparing features:
Bacteria
- Cell type/ Structure: Prokaryote/Unicellular
- Nucleus: No
- Genetic Material: DNA circular
- Motile: Some
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Comparing features:
Viruses
- Cell type/ Structure: Acellular
- Nucleus: No
- Genetic Material: DNA or RNA (usually "linear")
- Motile: No
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Comparing features:
Prions
- Cell type/ Structure: Acellular
- Nucleus: No
- Genetic Material: "protein"
- Motile: No
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What two microbes are acellular?
Viruses and Prions
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Do bacteria have nucleus?
NO they are prokaryotes (before "nuts")
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Do Bacteria have DNA?
Yes it is Circular
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Protein is the genetic material for which of the following?
a. Protozoa
b. Fungi
c. Viruses
d. Prions
Prions
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Do bacterias have cell wall?
Yes some may have a cell wall
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BACTERIA
- -Prokayotic (non-nucleated)
- -May have a cell wall
- -Circular DNA
- -Unicellular
- -May be motile (flagellated or ciliated)
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Bacteria Morphology:
SHAPE
- Coccus (spherical)
- Coccobacillus (ovalish)
- Bacillus (rod like)
- Spirilla (spiral)
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Bacteria Morphology:
Aggregation
- Diplo- Pairs
- Staph- Clusters
- Strept- Chains
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Bacteria:
Cocci (spheres):
Streptococcus pyogenes-pharyngitis (step throat)
Mycoplasm pneumonia- walking pneumonia
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Strep Thoat
- A cocci (sphere)
- Streptococcus pyogenes- pharyngitis
- Gram Positive
- Aerotolerant
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Walking pneumonia
- Cocci (spheres)
- Mycoplasma pneumoniae
- No Cell Wall
- Facultative anaerobe
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Bacteria:
Bacilli (rods)
Clostridium tetani- tetanus
Mycobacterium tuberculosis- tuberculosis
Escherichia coli- gastroenteritis, UTI
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Tetanus
- Bacilli (rods)
- Clostridium tetani
- Gram Positive
- Obligate Anaerobe
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Turberculosis
- Bacili (rods)
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis
- Special Cell Wall (Acid fast stains RED)
- Obligate Aerobe
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UTI/ Gastroenteritis
- Bacilli (rods)
- Escherichia coli (e. coli)
- Gram Negative
- Facultative Anaerobe
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Bacteria:
Coccobacillus
Bordetella pertussis- Whooping cough
Haemophilus influenza- eye, ear, sinus infections, pneumonia
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Whooping cough
- Coccobacillus
- Bordetella pertussis
- Gram Negative
- Obligate Aerobe
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Eye, Ear, Sinus infection
- Coccobacillus
- Haemophilus influenza
- (also pneumonia)
- Gram negative
- Facultative Anaerobe
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Pneumonia
- Coccobacillus
- Haemophilus Influenza
- (also ear, eye, and sinus infections)
- Gram negative
- Facultative Anaerobe
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Bacteria:
Spirilla (spirals)
Treponema pallidum- syphillis
Borrelia burgdorferi- lyme disease
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Syphillis
- Spirilla (spirals)
- Treponema pallidum
- Gram Negative
- Microaerophiles
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Lyme disease
- Spirilla (spirals)
- Borrelia burgdorferi
- Gram Negative
- Microaerophiles
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Which of the follwing is the bacteria that causes UTIs?
A. Borrelia burgodorferi
B. Treponema pallidum
C. Escherichia coli
D. Clostridium tetani
C. Escherichia coli
(e. coli...... a BACILLI) (this multiple choice question has been scrambled)
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Which of the following bacteria is the cause of syphilis?
A. Mycoplasma pneumoniae
B. Bordetella petussis
C. Borrelia burgdorferi
D. Treponema pallidum
D. Treponema pallidum (a SPIRILLA) (this multiple choice question has been scrambled)
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Which of the following is bacilli caused?
a. Strep throat
b. UTI
c. Syphillis
d. Lyme disease
UTI (caused by e.coli)
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Which of the following is caused by a cocci?
A. walking pneumonia
B. lyme disease
C. pneumonia
D. tuberculosis
A. walking pneumonia
(caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae) (this multiple choice question has been scrambled)
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T/F Whooping cough is caused by a spirilla bacteria?
F Whooping cough is caused by bortella pertusis a COCCOBACILLUS
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The morphology of a bacteria depends on the CELL WALL
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Gram Positive Bacteria: cell walls
-very thick peptidoglycan layer (provides support and structure)
-alternating NAG/NAM which forms a long strand of carbs linked together by a ß-1,4 linkage (horizontal)
-short 3-5 amino acids connect NAM molecules in each layer (diagonal lines)
-Lipoteichoic acids (LTA) (only found in gram+ bacteria) extend through the entire peptidoglycan layer and appear on the cell surface
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Gram Negative Bacteria : cell walls
Smaller cell walls
less peptidoglycan
NAM/NAG
NO LTA instead LPS
Double membrane ( need porins to get non lipophillic into cell membrane)
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A polysaccharide only found in gram positive bacteria that extends through the entire peptidoglycan layer and apper on the cell surface
Lipoteichoic acids (LTA)
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No cell wall MYCOPLASMA
-resemble gram positive but no peptidoglycan
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"Special" Mycolic Acid Cell Walls
_mycobacterium- Turburculosis
-NAM/NAG
-need a Porin to get things through lipid rich cell wall
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Bacterial Cell Walls:
what are the FOUR types
- Gram Positive
- Gram Negative
- "Special" mycolic acid cell wall
- No Cell Wall Mycoplasma
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Why is turburculosis so hard to treat?
Because its one of those "special" mycobacteriums and its hard to get through them
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Gram Staining-
Apply a crystal violet and then iodine
Stain everything purplish
acetone/alcohol wash everything that didnt strongly bind gets washed
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Gram staining works for identifying gram positive or gram negative
- Gram Negative- redish/pink
- Gram Positive- Purple
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What type of staining test would need to be used to identify turburculosis?
ACID fast (stains red because of the mycolic acid rich wall)
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Acid Fast staining: If blue it means it is non AF and therefore GRAM Staining would be reliable
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What color does a mycoplasma stain?
RED like a gram Negative due to all the membrane and minimal cell wall(although it is more gram positive)
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What would you classify it as if......
Gram stains purple
Acid fast stains blue
Gram POSITIVE
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REMINDER: if your acid fast stains RED then it is a mycobacterium and DONT have to use a gram stain
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If Acid fast stains RED/Pinkish is this stain reliable?
yes it means it has a mycolic acid cell wall (MYCOBACTERIUM... turburculosis)
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Bacteria Cell Walls:
Gram Positive:
- Steptococcus pyogenes- pharyngitis (strep throat)
- Clostridium tetani- Tetanus
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Bacteria Cell Walls:
No Cell Wall
Mycoplasma pneumoniae- walking pneumonia
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Bacteria Cell Wall:
Special Cell Wall
Mycobacterium turberculosis- turberculosis (ACID fast stays RED because of mycolic acid in cell wall)
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Bacteria Cell Walls;
Gram Negative
- Bordetella pertussis- whooping cough
- Escherichia coli- food poisoning
- Haemophilus influenza- eye, ear, sinus
- Treponema pallidum- syphillis
- Borrelia burgdorferi- lyme disease
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Bacteria- Oxygen Requirements:
Obligate Aerobe
Bordetella pertusis- Whooping cough
Mycobacterium turberculosis
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Bacteria- Oxygen Requirements
Microaerophiles
Treponema pallidum- syphillis
Borrelia burgdorferi- lyme disease
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Bacteria- Oxygen requirements:
Aerotolerant
Streptococcus pyogenes- pharyngitis (strep throat)
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Bacteria- Oxygen requirements:
Facultative Anaerobe
Haemophilus influenza- eye, ear, sinus infections, pneumonia
Escherichia coli- gastroenteritis, UTI
Mycoplasma pneumoniae- walking pneumonia
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Bacteria- Oxygen requirements:
Obligate Anaerobe
Clostridium tetani- tetanus
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Gram postive or negative: most things on our skin
gram postive
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Obligate Aerobe- absolutely need oxygen (no oxygen no growth)
Microaerophiles- need a small amount of oxygen
Aerotolerant- it doesnt matter if theres oxygen or not
Facultative Anaerobe- really prefer oxygen but can be fine without it
Obligate Anaerobe- absolutely HATE oxygen
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Treating Bacterial Infections:
Cell Wall: Beta Lactam Antibiotics
- Prevent cross linking of peptidoglycan cell walls
- Gram positive and gram infections
- Penicillins and its derivatives (penams)
- Cephalosporins (cephems), monobactams, carbapenems
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Could a Beta-lactam antibiotic be given for walking pneumonia?
NO because it is a MYCOplasma that has NO CELL WALL
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Treating Bacterial Infections:
Oxygen Requirements
- Metronidazole
- -reduced by the pyruvate: ferredoxin oxidoreductase system
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Treating Bacterial Infections:
Protein Synthesis Inhibitors: AMINOGLYCOSIDES
- Gentamicin, Streptomycin
- -Binds bacterial 16S (small) subunit and prevents ribosomal translocation
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Treating Bacterial Infections:
Protein Synthesis Inhibitors: LINCOSAMIDES
Binds bacterial 23S (large) subunt and prevents ribosomal translocation
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PROTOZOA (remeber more like us than bacteria)
- Eukaryotic (nucleated)
- Lack Cell Wall
- Linear DNA
- Unicellular
- May be motile (flagellated or cilliated)
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PROTOZOA:
Malaria
- Plasmodium spp.
- NONmotile (only one)
- carried by and transmitted by mosquito
- Africa
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PROTOZOA:
Toxoplasmosis
- Toxoplasma gondii
- FLAGELLATED
- can lead to Encephalitis
- if your pregnant dont change the cat litter if they have been eating mice :)
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PROTOZOA:
Amoebic encephalitis
- Naegleria fowleri
- FLAGELLATED
- South Eastern US
- Brain eating amoeba
- In water swallow water goes up the nose
- in 2009, 2 cases 1 lived and 1 died (FIRST time someone has lived)
- in 2010, first time a case in MINNESOTA
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PROTOZOA:
Giardiasis
- Giardia lamblia
- FLAGELLATED
- Hikers Diarrhea
- Seen in daycares... POOPY Pants!!!
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PROTOZOA:
African Sleeping Sickness
- Trypanosoma brucei
- FLAGELLATED
- lead to heart failure
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PROTOZOA:
Trichomoniasis
- Trichomonas vaginalis
- FLAGELLATED
- Part of the normal flora but if it gets spued for acid to basic
- Vaginal parasite infection
- Can be sexually transmitted
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Life cycle of Malaria:
- 1. A female anopheles mosquito bites a human or animal that is already infected with the malaria disease in order to feed. By doing this they draw the blood and the malaria parasites that are in the blood.
- 2. The same now infected mosquito will bit another human or animal in order to feed again and the parasite that the mosquito has previously infected is deposited into the human or animal's bloodstream.
- 3. Within just 30 minutes the parasite travels to the victims liver and the malaria life cycle is well underway.
- 4. Once the parasite has reached the liver it begins to reproducing at an enormous rate. Some of the parasites will remain dormant in the liver only to become active years after the initial infection.
- 5. The new parasites enter the bloodstream and attack the red blood cells. They infiltrate the red blood cells and begin to reproduce inside them further causing the red blood cells to swell and finally burst releasing all of the new parasites into the blood stream. The process is repeated with the parasites attacking and infiltrating further red blood cells.
- 6. The red blood cells should be carrying oxygen all over the body but because they are being attacked and destroyed this does not happen and a result of this oxygen depletion is onset of fever and chills which are the initial symptoms of malaria to be experienced by the victim. The bodies immune system has been damaged and makes it susceptible to further illness.
- 7. After being release dormant malaria parasites travel through the bloodstream where they will be ingested by a new mosquito that bites the victim. This is the end of the malaria life cycle in one person and the beginning for the next victim.
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Treating Protozol Infections:
Malaria
- Target: HEPATIC stages
- ------>Primaquine phosphate
- Target: BLOOD Stage
- ------> Cholorquine phosphate -prevents biocrystalliation of heme
- ------> Mefloquine (Lariam)- phospholipid uptake
- ------> Atovaquone + proguanil (Malarone)
- Atovaquone- inhibits ATP and nucleic acid synthesis
- Progunail- inhibits dihydrofolate reductase
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Treating Protozol Infections:
Giardiasis
NEW research Actin- actin similiar to ours
- Metronidazole (Flagyl)- reduced by the pyruvate: ferredoxin oxidoreductase system
- Nitazoxanide (Alinia)- inhibits the pyruvate: ferredoxin oxidoreductase system
- Albendazole (Albenza)- Inhibits tubulin assembly into microtubules
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FUNGI
really hard organism to kill... VERY similar to animals but we have cholesterol they have ERGOSTEROL and the Chitin cell wall
- Eukaryotic (nucleated)
- Chitin cell wall
- Linear DNA
- Unicellular (or multicellular)
- May be motile
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FUNGI:
Yeast: Candida spp. (predominately C. albicans)
-leads to Candidiasis - oral thrush/ vaginitis (classic yeast infections)
Molds: Dermatophytes- Tinea spp.
- Pedis-athletes foot
- Capitis- head
- cruris- jock itch
- corporis- ring worm (yes MOLD not a worm hmmmm GROSS)
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Treating Fungal Infections:
Yeast
- Fluconazole (Diflucan)-oral, Ticonazole (Monistat)-topical
- -Inhibits 14α-demethylase
- -Prevents ergosterol synthesis
- Nystatin-oral
- Binds to ergosterol
- Ergosterol aggregation in cell membrane
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Treating Fungal Infections:
Molds
- Fluconazole-oral, Clotrimazole-oral or topical,Ketoconazole-topical
- -Inhibits 14α-demethylase
- Butenafine-topical, Terbinafine -topical or oral
- Inihibits squalene epoxidase (earlier in the pathway than 14α-demethylase)
- Prevents ergosterol synthesis
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HELMINTHS
very similar to animal cells
- Eukaryotic
- Lack Cell wall
- Linear DNA
- Multicellular
- May be motile flagellated or cilliated
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Platyhelminthes (flatworms)
Adults have flattened body
Head
Bilateral symmetry
Organ systems-Nervous system, Digestive System (common mouth and anus), Reproductive system(hermaphroditic)
Cestoda (segmented - tapeworms)
Larvae and cysts infect “animal” tissue
Adults infect human intestines (30 ft long!)
}Trematoda (non-segmented-flukes)
}Larvae infect aquatic
animals and plants (snail, clam, fish, crab, aquatic plant)
Adults infect humans (liver,
lungs, blood vessels
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Platyhelminthes (flatworms)
Cestoda (segmented tapeworms)
- Larvae and cysts infect “animal” tissue
- Adults infect human intestines (30 ft long!)
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Platyhelminthes (flatworms)
Trematoda (non-segmented-tapeworms)
- Larvae infect aquatic animals and plants (snail, clam, fish, crab, aquatic plant)
- Adult infect humans (liver, lungs, blood vessels)
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Nemathelminthes (roundworms)
Adults have cylindrically shaped bodies
Tapered on both ends
Bilateral symmetry
Organ systems
Digestive system withmouth and anus
Reproductive system(male and female)
Primitive nervous system
Types:
Whipworms (Trichuris trichiura)
Trichina worms (Trichinella spiralis)
Hookworms (Necator americanus),
Pinworms (Enterobius vermicularis),
Filarids (Wuchereria bancrofti),
Ascarids (Ascaris lumbricoides)
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Which nemathelminthes type is the most common seen worldwide?
Pinworms
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Treating Helminth Infections:
Tapeworm Infections: Intestinal
- Albendazol (albenza)- inhibits tubulin assembly into microtubules (which interferes with glucose uptake)
- -inhibits helminth specific fumarate reductase
- Praziquantel(Biltricide)-increases calcium permeability and decreases adenine uptake
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Treating Helminth Infections:
Tapeworm Infections: Cystic
Albendazole (albenza)
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Treating Helminth Infections:
Hookworm Infections
Mebendazole (Vermix)- blocks the uptake of glucose
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Treating Helminth Infections:
Ascarisis (Ascarid Infections)
Mebendazole, Albendazole
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Treating Helminth Infections:
Enterobiasis (Pinworm Infections)
- Mebendazole, Albendazole
- Pyrantel pamoate (for dogs heartworm)-Depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent
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Which of the following are mechanisms of action for albedazole
1.Increases calcium permeability
2.Stimulates glucose uptake
3.Intakes the aerobic furmarate reducatse pathway
4.Inhibits microtubule formation
5.Increases flagella motility
4.Inhibits microtubule formation
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Structure of a Virus
Capsid
-polyhedral
-helical
-complex
Envelope
-lipids (phosphoglyco)-host derived
-proteins (glyco-)-host and virus derrived
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The protein coat of a virus
Capsid
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T/F All viruses have capsids?
TRUE some are polyhedral, helical, or complex
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T/F All Viruses are have envelopes?
FALSE only some
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Virus: Envelope
Made of lipid (glyco, phospho)- Host derived
Proteins (glyco)- Host and virus derived
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Nucleic Acids of a virus are HIGHLY variable:
Class 1: ds DNA virus (25)
- Papilomavirus- HPV
- Herpesvirus- Herpes
- Poxvirus- Smallpox
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Nucleic Acids of a virus are HIGHLY variable:
Class II: ss DNA virus (+) (7)
Parovirus- 5th virus
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Nucleic Acids of a virus are HIGHLY variable:
Class III: ds RNA (8)
Reovirus-Rotavirus
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Nucleic Acids of a virus are HIGHLY variable:
Class IV: ss RNA (+) (38)
- Picornavirus-common cold
- Togavirus- Rubella
- Coronavirus -SARS
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Nucleic Acids of a virus are HIGHLY variable:
Class V: ss RNA (-) (11)
- Paromyxovirus- Measles
- Orthomyxovirus- Influenza
- Rhabodvirius- Rabies
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Nucleic Acids of a virus are HIGHLY variable:
Class VI: ssRNA (+) RT (3)
Retrovirus- HIV (use revertranscriptase)
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Nucleic Acids of a virus are HIGHLY variable:
Class VII: dsDNA RT (2)
Hepadnavirus- Hepatitis
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Life cycle of a virus -DNA virus (HPV, Herpes, small pox)
1. attachment
2. penetration and uncoating
3. viral protein synthesis
4. maturation and release
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Life cycle of a virus -ssRNA (H1N1)
1. Attachment by a hemogluten
2. Penetration and Uncoating by a M2 ion channel
3. RNA Replication by ssRNA: - or antisense strand
Additional strands are transcribed from mRNA
4. Strands are incorportated into capsie
5. Maturation and Release (Neurometase (N1) important for budding)
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NOTE: if you are CCR5 you are immune to HIV
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Life cycle of a virus- RT virus
Bind to CD4 receptor on T cells then bind to CCR5 or CXCR4
Penetrates host cell
After uncoating, revere transcription of the viral RNA produces dsDNA
The new viral DNA is transported into the host cell's nucleus and integrated as a provirus.
Transcription of the provirus may also occur producing RNA for new retrovirus genomes and RNA that codes for the retrovirus capsid and envelope protein
Mature retrovirus leaves host cell, acquiring an envelope as it buds out
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Treating a viral infection: Orthomyxoviruses- Influenza
Oseltamivir (Tamiflu), Zanamivir (Relenza)
- Neuraminidase inhibitor
- Prevents budding by interfering of virus
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Treating a viral infection: Adamantanes
Amantadine (Symmetrel), Rimantadine (Flumadine)
- M2 ion channel blocker
- Prevents viral uncoating
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Treating a viral infection: Retroviruses- HIV
INHIBIT ENTRY
Enfuvirtide (Fuzeon)
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Treating a viral infection: Retroviruses- HIV
INHIBIT Reverse Transcriptase
- Nucleoside/nucleotide analogues- Lamivudine, Zidovudine (Combivir)
- RT binding agent- Efavirez (Sustiva)
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Treating a viral infection: Retroviruses- HIV
INHIBIT Maturation (blocks protease inhibitors)
- Atazanavir (Reyataz)
- Ritonavir (Norvir)
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Protein infections "ions"
PRIONS
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Prions:
PrPC protein
- Found in most tissues, esp neural
- Thought to be involved in memory
-
NO treatments for prions for now
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Mad cow disease
Prion disease- BSE- Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy
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Prions have the same primary structure but different 2, 3, and 4 structure.
αhelix vs βsheet
mutation not required
mutation may be involved
can impart abnormal conformation
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Prions
Beta Sheet conformation protease insensitive
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Prions; Disease
Kuru- ritual canabolism
CJD- Creutzfeld Jacob Disease
GSS- Gerstmann0Straussler-Scheinker syndrome
FFI- Fatal Familial Insomnia
BSE- Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy
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