bio chpt5.txt

alcohol, aldehyde, ketone, carboxylic acid, amine, sulfhydryl, organic phosphate

CH₃, not reactive, acts as recognizable tag on biological molecules

polar, can form H bonds with H₂O to dissolve organic compounds (example: sugar)

R - OH

end of C skeleton, can be structural isomers with different properties, ex: acetone and propanol

C is double bonded to O, single bond w/ H

within the C skeleton, can be structural isomers with different properties, example: aldoses and ketoses

Carbon is double bonded with O

very polar, has acidic properties (source of H⁺ ions), WEAK ACID

cabon is double bonded to O, single bonded to OH

acts as a base, can pick up H+ from surrounding solution, WEAK BASE

NH₂ base

two can react to form covalent bond, allows crosslinking to stabilize protein structures (ie: maintains curliness of hair)

SH base

phosphoric acid that loss 2 Hydrogens, partakes in many chemical reactions with H2O which leads to release of energy

Phosphate is double bonded to an O (top), single bonded to OH (right), single bonded to OH (bottom), and single bonded to O (left)

formed by combining alcohol and a carboxylic acid

formed by combining amine and carboxylic acid

formed by combining alcohol and phosphoric acid

used in synthesis of polyester, combines alcohol and ester to form a different alcohol and different ester

Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic acid

composed of THOUSANDS of covalently connected atoms

long molecule that consists of many monomers

Carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids are considered polymers

small building blocks of molecules that combine to create a polymer

Monosaccharide (sugar), nucleotide, amino acid

two monomers bond together and lose a water molecule

macromolecules that speed up dehydration process, some are protein based, some are RNA based, acts as catalyst, NOT CONSUMED, perform functions repeatedly, functions as workhorses that carry out processes of life

reverse reaction of dehydration; dissembles polymers to monomers

oligosaccharide, oligonucleotide, peptide

polysaccharide, nucleic acid, polypeptide protein

accounts for more than 50% of dry mass of most cells, functions include: enzymatic functions, structural support, storage, transport, cellular communication, movement, and defense against foreign substances

acceleration of chemical reactions

Digestive enzymes

support

silk fibers, collagen and elastin in animal connective tissues, etc.

storage of AMINO ACIDS

ovalbumin in egg white caseins, protein of milk, storage proteins in plant seeds

transport of other substances

Hemoglobin

coordinates an organism's activities

Insulin, hormone secreted by pancreas

response of cell to chemical stimuli

receptors in nerve cell membranes

movement

actin and myosin in muscles, proteins in cilia and flagella

protection against disease

Antibodies combat bacteria and viruses

built from same set of 20 amino acids, consists of multiple peptides (proteins consist of 1 or more polypeptides)

atoms share the electron equally

one atoms is more EN, atoms are NOT shared equally (electrons)

contain functional groups in side chains, can hydrogen bond with other groups, hydrophilic and often found on surface of proteins

• Polar uncharged: S, T, C, Y, N, Q
• Polar charged: D & E (acidic), K, R, H (basic)

determined by unique sequence of amino acids and inherited genetic information, sequence in which monomers are connected

shows covalent peptide bonds

found in most proteins, consists of coils and folds in polypeptide chain, local ways of founding polymers

shows hydrogen bonds

determined by interactions among various side chains (R groups), overal fold of molecule (3D or symmetrical)

hydrophobic interactions, Van Der Waals interactions, Ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds

results when protein consists of multiple polypeptide chains, intermolecular associations

hydrophobic interactions, Van Der Waals interactions, Ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds

Collagen (fibrous protein and most abundant protein in mammals) and Hemoglobin (4 polypeptides)

Myoglobin stores O₂, Hemoglobin transports O₂, both use Heme cofactors to bind O₂; some proteins bind ions and/or organic molecules to help fulfill their function

physical and chemical conditions can affect structure, alterations to pH, salt concentration, temperature, other environment factors

loss of protein's native structure; biologicall inactive, can be reverse

sugars, polymers of sugars

contains Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in ratio of CH₂O

dehydration reaction that joins two monosaccharides; forms covalent bond called glycosidic linkage

ex: Maltose, Sucrose, Lactose

polymers of sugar, storage and structure roles, hundreds to thousands of monosaccharides

storage polysaccharides of plants, consists entirely of glucose monomers

unbranched = amylose, branched = amylopectin

storage polysaccharide in animals, more branched than amylopectin; humans store glycogen in liver and muscle cells

Diabetes is cause of glycogen metabolism

polymers that have a helical structure

polymers that have a straight structure

consists of 3 components: Nitrogenous base, sugar, and phosphate

group of molecules that are water-insoluble (hydrophobic!!!), nonpolar covalent bonds, do not form polymers

Fats, oils, waxes, phospholipids, steroids, carotenoids

bold = biologically important lipids

constructed from two smaller molecules by dehydration reaction (glycerol and fatty acids), forms triacylglycerol

glycerol = 3 carbon alcohol w/ hydroxyl group attack to each carbon

fatty acid = carboxyl group attached to long hydrocarbon skeleton

type of lipid, natural secretions of plants and animals

maximum # of hydrogen atoms possible, no double bonds, tight packing = solid @ RT

animal fats are usually saturated fat

1 or more double bonds, kinks prevent tight packing, liquid @ RT

plant fats and fish fats are usually unsaturated

process of converting unsaturated fats to saturated fats by adding hydrogen, creates unsaturated fat with trans double bonds in addition to saturated ones

trans fat = very very bad

energy storage (twice as much energy as same mass of polysaccharides such as starch)

humans store fat in adipose cells; adipose tissues also cushions vital organs and insulates body

two fatty acids and a phosphate are attached to glycerol

hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tails

Major components of all cell membranes

lipids characterized by carbon skeleton, consists of 4 fused rings

cholesterol is a steroid, component in animal cell membranes, precursor from which other steroids are built (sex hormones)

high levels in blood = contributes to cardiovascular disease