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VASUpharm14
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Context: definitions
anatomy
- the study of internal and external structures of the body and the physical relationships
- among body parts
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Context: definitions
physiology
the study of how living organisms perform their vital functions
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T/F
All specific functions are performed by general structures.
- False
- All specific functions are performed by specific structures.
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context: anatomy
2 general types of anatomy
- 1) gross (macroscopic)
- 2) microscopic
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context: 2 general types of anatomy
gross
- aka: macroscopic
- examination of relatively large structures and features usually visible with the unaided eye
- (no you're gross .... jk) :D you're pretty.
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context: 2 general types of anatomy
microscopic
examination of structures that cannot be seen without magnification
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context: 2 general types of anatomy
List the 5 subcategories of Gross anatomy
- 1) surface anatomy
- 2) regional anatomy
- 3) systemic anatomy
- 4) development anatomy
- 5) clinical anatomy
- just memorize this somehow...
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context: 5 subcategories of Gross anatomy
surface anatomy
study of general form & superficial markings
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context: 5 subcategories of Gross anatomy
regional anatomy
study of specific area of body: like head, neck, trunk
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context: 5 subcategories of Gross anatomy
systemic anatomy
study of structure of organ systems
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context: 5 subcategories of Gross anatomy
developmental anatomy
- study of changes that occur between conception & physical maturity
- ex: Embryology: study of changes during 1st two months
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context: 5 subcategories of Gross anatomy
clinical anatomy
Medical, radiographic, surgical anatomy
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context: Microscopic anatomy
2 subcategories/types of microscopic anatomy
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context: 2 subcategories/types of microscopic anatomy
cytology
study of structure of individual cells
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context: 2 subcategories/types of microscopic anatomy
histology
study of structure of tissues
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context: physiology terminology
List the 4 types of physiology area
- 1) cell physiology
- 2) special physiology
- 3) systemic physiology
- 4) pathological physiology
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context: 4 types of physiology
cell physiology
study of function of cells (within & between)
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context: 4 types of physiology
special physiology
- study of function of specific organs
- ex: Cardiac
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context: 4 types of physiology
systemic physiology
study of function of organ system
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context: 4 types of physiology
pathological physiology
study of effect of diseases on organ or system functions
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context: levels of organization
List 6 levels of organization
- 1) molecule
- 2) cell
- 3) tissue
- 4) organ
- 5) organ system
- 6) organism
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context: 6 levels of organization
molecular level
- aka: chemical level
- atoms combine to form molecules
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context: 6 levels of organization
cellular level
cells and their organelles; smallest living unit in body
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context: 6 levels of organization
tissue level
group of cells working together to perform specialized function
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context: 6 levels of organization
organ level
organs consist of 2 or more tissues working in combination
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context: 6 levels of organization
organ system level
- organ interactions to form a system
- Ex: Cardiovascular system—heart, blood, lungs
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context: 6 levels of organization
organism level
highest level of organization; human
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context: organ systems
List the 12 organ systems
- 1. Integumentary
- 2. Skeletal
- 3. Muscular
- 4. Nervous
- 5. Endocrine
- 6. Cardiovascular
- 7. Lymphatic
- 8. Respiratory
- 9. Digestive
- 10. Urinary
- 11. Male reproductive
- 12. Female reproductive
- (just say these many times in your head into you live, eat, breathe the organ systems that makes who you are).
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context: 12 organ systems (players and functions)
integumentary system
- major organs:
- 1) skin, 2) hair, 3) sweat glands, 4) nails
- functions:
- 1) protects against environmental hazards, 2) helps regulate body temperature, 3) provides sensory information
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context: 12 organ systems (players and functions)
skeletal system
- major organs:
- 1) bones, 2) cartilages, 3) associated ligaments, 4) bone marrow
- functions:
- 1) provides support and protection for other tissues, 2) stores calcium and other minerals, 3) forms blood cells
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context: 12 organ systems (players and functions)
muscular system
- major organs:
- 1) skeletal muscles and associated tendons
- functions:
- 1) provides movement, 2) provides protection and support for other tissues, 3) generates heat that maintains body temperature
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context: 12 organ systems (players and functions)
nervous system
- major organs:
- 1) brain, 2) spinal cord, 3) peripheral nerves, 4) sense organs
- functions:
- 1) directs immediate responses to stimuli, 2) coordinates or moderates activities of other organ systems, 3) provides and interprets sensory information about external conditions
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context: 12 organ systems (players and functions)
endocrine system
- major organs:
- 1) pituitary gland, 2) thyroid gland, 3) pancreas, 4) adrenal glands, 5) gonads (testes and ovaries), 6) endocrine tissues in other systems
- functions:
- 1) directs long-term changes in the activities of other organ systems, 2) adjusts metabolic activity and energy use by the body, 3) controls many structural and functional changes during development
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context: 12 organ systems (players and functions)
cardiovascular system
- major organs:
- 1) heart, 2) blood, 3) blood vessels
- functions:
- 1) distributes blood cells, water, and dissolved materials, including nutrients, waste products, oxygen, and carbon dioxide, 2) distributes heat and assists in control of body temperature
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context: 12 organ systems (players and functions)
lymphatic system
- major organs:
- 1) spleen, 2) thymus, 3) lymphatic vessels, 4) lymph nodes, 5) tonsils
- functions:
- 1) defends against infection and disease, 2) returns tissue fluids to the bloodstream
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context: 12 organ systems (players and functions)
respiratory system
- major organs:
- 1) nasal cavities, 2) sinuses, 3) larynx, 4) trachea, 5) bronchi, 6) lungs, 7) alveoli
- functions:
- 1) delivers air to alveoli (sites in lungs where gas exchange occurs), 2) provides oxygen to bloodstream, 3) removes carbon dioxide from bloodstream, 4) produces sounds for communication
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context: 12 organ systems (players and functions)
digestive system
- major organs:
- 1) teeth, 2) tongue, 3) pharynx, 4) esophagus, 5) stomach, 6) small intestine, 7) large intestine, 8) liver, 9) gallbladder, 10) pancreas
- functions:
- 1) processes and digests food, 2) absorbs and conserves water, 3) absorbs nutrients (ions, water, and the breakdown products of dietary sugars, proteins, and fats, 4) stores energy reserves
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context: 12 organ systems (players and functions)
urinary system
- major organs:
- 1) kidneys, 2) ureters, 3) urinary bladder, 4) urethra
- functions:
- 1) excretes waste products from the blood, 2) controls water balance by regulating volume of urine produced, 3) stores urine prior to voluntary elimination, 4) regulates blood ion concentrations and pH
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context: 12 organ systems (players and functions)
male reproductive system
- major organs:
- 1) testes, 2) epididymis, 3) ductus deferens, 4) seminal vesicles, 5) prostate gland, 6) penis, 7) scrotum
- functions:
- 1) produces male sex cells (sperm) and hormones
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context: 12 organ systems (players and functions)
female reproductive system
- major organs:
- 1) ovaries, 2) uterine tubes, 3) uterus, 4) vagina, 5) labia, 6) clitoris, 7) mammary glands
- functions:
- 1) produces female sex cells (oocytes) and hormones, 2) supports developing embryo from conception to delivery, 3) provides milk to nourish newborn infant
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context: superficial anatomy
anatomical position
hands are at your side, palms facing forward, feet together
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context: anatomical position
List 2 types of anatomical position
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context: 2 types of anatomical positions
supine position
- person laying down face up in the anatomical position
- REMEMBER: you are hold bowls of SOUP so your palms should be facing up.
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context: 2 types of anatomical positions
prone position
- person laying down face down in the anatomical position
- REMEMBER: you are POURING those bowls of SOUP, so palms face down. (ouch don't burn yourself).
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only TESTED if APPEARS in both picture and table!!!!!

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4 abdominopelvic quadrants
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context: anatomical Directions
List 13 anatomical directions
- 1) anterior
- 2) ventral
- 3) posterior or dorsal
- 4) cranial or cephalic
- 5) superior
- 6) caudal
- 7) inferior
- 8) medial
- 9) lateral
- 10) proximal
- 11) distal
- 12) superficial
- 13) deep
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context: 13 anatomical directions
anterior
- the front; before
- ex: the navel is on the anterior surface of the trunk
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context: 13 anatomical directions
ventral
- the belly side (equivalent to anterior when referring to human body)
- ex: the navel is on the ventral surface of the trunk
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context: 13 anatomical directions
posterior or dorsal
- the back; behind
- ex: the shoulder blade is located posterior to the rib cage
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context: 13 anatomical directions
cranial or cephalic
- the head
- ex: the cranial, or cephalic, border of the pelvis is on the side toward the head rather than toward the thigh
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context: 13 anatomical directions
superior
- above; at a higher level (in human body, toward the head)
- ex: in humans, the cranial border of the pelvis is superior to the thigh
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context: 13 anatomical directions
caudal
- the tail (coccyx in humans)
- ex: the hips are caudal to the waist
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context: 13 anatomical directions
inferior
- below; at a lower level
- ex: the knees are inferior to the hips
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context: 13 anatomical directions
medial
- toward the body's longitudinal axis; toward the midsagittal plane
- ex: the medial surfaces of the thighs may be in contact; moving medially from the arm across the chest surface brings you to the sternum
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context: 13 anatomical directions
lateral
- away from the body's longitudinal axis; away from the midsagittal plane
- ex: the thigh articulates with the lateral surface of the pelvis; moving laterally from the nose brings you to the cheeks
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context: 13 anatomical directions
proximal
- toward an attached base
- ex: the thigh is proximal to the foot; moving proximally from the wrist brings you to the elbow
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context: 13 anatomical directions
distal
- away from an attached base
- ex: the fingers are distal to the wrist; moving distally from the elbow brings you to the wrist
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context: 13 anatomical directions
superficial
- at, near, or relatively close to the body surface
- ex: the skin is superficial to underlying structures
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context: 13 anatomical directions
deep
- farther from the body surface
- the bone of the thigh is deep to the surrounding skeletal muscles
- (oh em gee, why are the examples mostly about the thighs and the pelvis ... what's going on with the author ....)
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context: planes and sections
List the 3 planes (no ... not airplanes)
- 1) transverse
- 2) frontal/ coronal
- 3) sagittal
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context: planes and sections
transverse plane
- lies at right angles to the long axis of the body; dividing it into superior and inferior portions
- - Cut in this plane is referred to as cross section
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context: planes and sections
frontal or coronal plane
parallel to long axis of body extending from side to side; divides body into anterior and posterior portions
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context: planes and sections
sagittal plane
- parallel to long axis of body and extending from front to back; divides body into left and right portions
- -Cut along midline is midsagittal section; cut parallel to midsagittal line is parasagittal section
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define body cavities
internal chambers in which many vital organs are suspended
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2 main functions of body cavities
- 1) Protect delicate organs (brain, spinal cord) from accidental shocks and cushions them (from bumps when we walk, run, jump)
- 2) Permit significant changes in the size and shape of internal organs; lungs, stomach urinary bladder can all expand or contract without distorting surrounding tissues or organs
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context: body cavities
Ventral body cavity = ?
hint: 2 primary subdivisions of the ventral body cavity
- 1) Thoracic cavity + 2) Abdominopelvic cavity
- Separated by diaphragm
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context: 2 primary subdivisions of the ventral body cavity
thoracic cavity
- contains:
- 1) Left & right pleural cavities - Lungs (left and right)
- 2) Mediastinum
- 3) heart (Pericardial cavity)
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context: 2 primary subdivisions of the ventral body cavity
abdominopelvic cavity
- contains:
- 1) Abdominal cavity = Liver, stomach, spleen, small intestine, most of large intestine + Peritoneal cavity: within dominal (the red outline!!) Chamber lined by serous membrane called peritoneum.**kidneys & pancreas are retroperitoneal (not within the peritoneal cavity part (so outside of the read outline!!!)
- 2) Pelvic cavity = Distal portion of large intestine, urinary bladder, reproductive organs

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