Anthroterms.txt

study of humans

study of artifacts/tools/people of past life style

studying humans looking at interactions between biology and culture in evolutionary adaptation.

studies the biological evolution of human variations of past and present

genetics, ecology, primates, evolution

also called social anthropology, deals with human cultures and society

"applied anthropology", helps solve contemporary problems which deals with legal settings (crimes, cause of death, etc)

study of how language is used in various social contexts

study of relationship between language and social factors, such as class, ethnicity, sex

study of human evolution through fossil records

study of the skeleton and its functions

study of human growth, development, adaptations and human genetics

study of primates

method that involves observation, hypothesis, and theories to test it out

way of acquiring knowledge through observations of phenomena

Taxonomy, classification system (binomial nomenclature)

classification of organisms into groups based on similarities

competition for resources; human will competes for resources, population size is limited by food supply -> struggle for survival

proposed theory of evolution due to natural selection

theory of evolution, natural selection

proposed that evolution resulted from inheritance of acquired characteristics

change in allele frequency over time

natural process resulting in evolution of organisms best adapted to environment; survival of the fittest

traits make it more likely for an organism to survive and successfully reproduce; becomes more common in population over successful generations

diversification of species into separate forms that each adapt to occupy a specific environmental niche

experimented with breeding garden peas

manner in which genes and traits are passed down from parents to offsprings

ex: autosomal dominance, autosomal recessive, sex-linked genes

passing of traits from parents to offsprings

genetic composition (specific allele makeup)

AA, Aa, aa, etc..

physical expression of genotype; what an organism looks like because of interactions of genotype

could also be affected by environment

each pair of allele seperate during gamete formation; each gamete contains one allele from each pair (of parents)

gametes get random pairs of genes from each parents

two different alleles

having identical alleles

union of ideas from several biological specialties which provides a widely accepted account of evolution

nucleic acid which contains genetic instructions for development of living organisms; blueprint of life

cellular respiration; produces ATP

strings of genetic material made of DNA and protein; humans contain 46 (23 pairs)

having same evolutionary origin, but not necessary same function; same ancestry

ie: wings of a bat and arm of a man

center of a cell containing DNA and RNA

chromosome that are not sex cells

ie: humans have 22 pairs of autosomes, with last pair being sex cells

chromosome that determines sex of individual

females = xx, males = xy

basic unit of heredity of living organism; contains information to build and maintain organism's cells

variation of gene located at specific locus of chromosome; can be hetero or homo

location of gene on chromosome

several gene pairs affect the trait; also influenced from environment

ie: skin color, eye color, height, etc.

one gene affects multiple traits

ie: Phenylketonuria (PKU), causes mental retardation, affect coloration of hair and skin

occurs in nucleus, production of somatic cells and sex cells

complex chemicals which have 2 different classes; either structural (body tissues) or regulatory (enzymes and hormones)

regulate biologicall processes in body; turns genes OFF or ON

creates haploid cells = half set of chromosomes

(occurs in female ovaries, 1 egg/menstrual cycle)

production of identical somatic cells; creates diploid cells = full set of chromosomes

ie: how single cell becomes organism

sex cells that carry the genes donated by each parent

(diploids), is NOT involved in reproduction

example: helps the body heal

half of set of chromosomes

full set of chromosomes

occurs in meiosis; creates a "novel" combination of genetic material

reason as to why siblings can look very different

protein that contributes to cell or tissue structures

regulates gene expressions

example: controls our height, production of lactase, etc.

full DNA sequence of an organism

equilibrium of two or more alleles that remains constant over periods of time

exchange of genetic material (alleles) between populations; NOT SAME AS MIGRATION

• Within a population = INCREASE gene flow (more variety between two different populations) (ex: Californians breeding together)
• Between population = DECREASE gene flow (less variety between two populations) (ex: Californians breeding with Canadians)

random event which alters allele frequencies, such as plagues, famine, war

SMALL POPULATIONS ARE MOST AFFECTED

formation of new population from few individuals; the small group exclusively contributes to gene pool

ex: amish group

random change in gene; can happen in any cell

change in a single base of gene (such as eye color)

ex: can cause the natural brown eyes to be diluted to blue eyes

change of insertion or deletion of 1 or more bases

ex: Huntington's Disease

females are carriers, disease that "skips" generations

males = susceptible to disorders, because of only 1 x

ex: Hemophilia, absence of clotting factor protein in blood causes excessive bleeding; "royal disease" - queen victoria had it

genetic disorder that affects blood cell shape; body has reduced capacity to transport oxygen

result of a mutation (1 amino acid sub. in hemoglobin)

favors anti-extremes, average is favored

ex: human birth weight (too fat or too light = bad)

one extreme form of a trait is favored; better suited for an environment, allele frequency shifts

ex: over millions of years, brain size increases

multiple alleles are effected, favors heterozygote forms; maintains balanced polymorphism

ex: sickle-cell anemia

marriage within one's tribe or group

evolution process that is result of culture's interaction with biology throughout human evolutionary history

unable to produce lactase enzyme to digest lactose; become intolerant of it