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skyy22
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What are the two forms of energy
- Kinetic: actively doing work
- Potential: stored but not doing work
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What is the first law of thermodynamics?
- Closed system = no exchange of matter/energy with surroundings
- Open systems = exchanged of matter/energy with surroundings
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What is the first law of conservation of energy?
- Energy cannot be crfeated or destroyed... but
- Can be change in form
- Means total energy does not change
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What is the second law of thermodynamics?
- Number of way this law can be expressed... including matematical
- -No energy transaction can be completely efficient
- -In closed systems, disorder (entropy) is increasing
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Do living systems "obey" thermodynamics laws?
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How is Earth is not a closed system?
received constant source of energy from the sun (solar power)
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What is Metabolism?
Sum of all chemical reactions in an organism
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What are the 2 types of metabolism reactions?
- Anabolism: reactions that build things
- Catabolism: Reactions that degrades things
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How are reactions organized?
- In pathways
- whole things makes a really complicated map...
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How can chemical reaction be classified based on energy?
- Reactions that release energy are Exergonic
- Reactions that absorb energy are Endergonic
- Metabolic can be either
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In general, Anabolic reactions
build up
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In general, Catabolic reactons
break down
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Exergonic
- Release energy
- Means exergonic reactionsa re spontaneous
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Endergonic
- Use energy
- Means endergonic reactions are not spontaneous
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What is equilibrium
- Most reaction are reversible, go in either direction
- At equilibrium rate of forward = rate of reverse
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Equilibrium in exergonic and endergonic
- Exergonic reactions: equilibrium favors products
- Endergonic reactions: equilibrium favors reactants
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What does spontaneous mean?
- Yes!
- But speed is variable
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What are Enzymes?
- Even exergonic reactions need activation energy
- -energy to reach transitition state
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How does enzymes speed up reaction?
- Lower activation energy
- -allows exergonic reactons to occur faster
- -does not change amount of engergy released
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How can enzymes be specific?
Bind to substrate: molecular recognition
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What is ATP?
- Adenosine triphosphate
- "portable" energy source... "energy currency"
- -Synthesis of ATP is endergonic
- -Hydrolysis of ATP is exergonic
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How do we classify life base on carbon source?
- Autotrophs: get carbon from CO2 (producers)
- Heterotophs: get carbon from deit (consumers)
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How are heterotrophs categorize?
- Primary consumer eat producers (plants)
- Secondary consumer eat primary consumers
- ...less nutrient the higher up the chain
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Define oxidation
is the lost of electron
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Define reduction
is the gain of electrons
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What are coupled Redox Reaction?
- one atom/molecule is oxidized
- one atom/molecule is reduced
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In biological systems, electrons often go with protons
- Oxidation is the loss of hydrogen (dehydrogenation)
- Reduction is gain of hydrogen (hydrogenation)
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