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christal
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main organs of urinary tract....
- kidneys 2
- ureters 2
- bladder
- urethra
- external urinary meatus
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what organ do urinary drugs treat?
kidneys, bladder, urinary tract, some male reproductive systems
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in diuretic drugs (water pills) kidneys filter circulating blood by.....
- extracting waste products
- retaining what we need
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know about diuretic drugs......
- keep sodium & K from being reabsorbed back into blood
- extra sodium & K increase urine volume
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what is the therapeutic action of a diurectic....?
to increase the natural excreation of sodium/water and with this lowers blood pressure.
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what is the fuctioning unit of the kidney......?
a nephron
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thiazide diuretic drugs
also block sodium and K from being reabsorbed into the blood.
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*KNOW
Hydrochlorothiazide...
- trade names:
- HCTZ
- hydrodiuril
- microzide
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loop diuretic drugs......
- also block from going into the blood stream
- ex: bumex
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potassium sparing diuretic drugs......
conserve potassium and allows it to be reabsorbed from the tublule back into the blood
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osmotic diurectic drugs....
remain inactive in body increases concentration of the filtrates. Holds water and electrolytes and prevents the water from being reabsorbed.
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carbonic anhydrase inhibitor diurectic drugs....
inhibit enzyme carbonic anhydrase in tubule wall cells. bicarbonate and hydrogen ions are NOT formed.
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combination diurectic drugs.....
thiazide diurectic drug (hydrochlorothiazide) and potassium sparing diurectic drug
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potassium supplements....
diet modification to replace potassium (bananas)
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if another supplement is needed, it can be given...
liquids, powders, effervescent tablets, capsules, and tablets
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how are dosages measured?
- in milliequivalents
- (mEq)
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*know...
potassium deficiency (hypokalemia) can lead to life-threating cardiac arrhythmias bc electrolyte potassium is crucial to the normal contraction of heart muscle.
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what is the primary cause of a UTI..?
gram negative bacteria like Ecoli
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antibiotics do what?
kill bacteria
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anti-infective is what?
inhibits their growths and eventually bacteria simply die off.
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quinolone antibiotic is only used to treat what?....
UTIs
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what kind of drug doesn't kill bacteria but inhibits growth by hindering formation of folic acid?
sulfonamide anti-infective drugs
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folic acid antagonist drugs....
block formation folic acid in bacterial cells interferes ability of some bacteria to grow and reproduce.
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other antibiotic types drugs.....
change urine to ammonia and formaldehyde that kills bacteria.
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combination antibiotic/anti-infective drugs....
antibiotic anti-infective sulfa drug works synergistically
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*remember
synergism is when 2 drugs combine to produce an effect that is greater than either drug used alone.
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what type of environment does bacteria prefer?
alkaline
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acidic environment.....
suppresses bacteria growth
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symptoms of a UTI....
- burning when urinating
- frequent and painful urination
- have sm amounts
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what can bring on spasms in UT...?
- infection
- catheterization
- urinary retention
- kidney stones
- overactive bladder
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anti-spasmodic drugs do what?
relax smooth muscle in urethra/bladder to allow normal emptying
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combination drugs contain.....
- -analgesic
- -anti-spasmodic
- -anti infective
- -sedative
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what is an overactive bladder?
urinary urgency, frequency, and urinary incontinence due involuntary contractions
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drugs to treat overactive bladder......
block action of acetylcholine and reduce smooth muscle tone of bladder to decrease bladder contractions, spasms, and incontinence
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what does BPH stand for?
- benign prostatic hypertrophy
- enzyme found in prostate cells interacts with testosterone converting it to dihydrotestosterone which turns prostate gland to hypertrophy.
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true/false..
BPH is common in men 50 and older
true
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symptoms of BPH...
- difficulty urinating
- hesitancy
- decreased urinary stream
- enlarged prostate
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proscar.....
- drug of choice for treating BPH
- enzyme inhibits dihydrotestosterone/reduces its level reducing negative effect on prostate cell.
- *the only prob with this is has to b taken 6-12 months to make a difference in the gland
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what does androgen refer to?.......
all the various male hormones
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what does dihydrotestosterone cause?
BOTH BPH and male pattern baldness
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alpha-1-receptor blockers....
block receptors in smooth muscle of nd prostate allowing relaxation for easier flow of urine
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what is prostatitis?...........
acute or chronic bacterial infection of prostate gland due urinary tract infection or sexually transmitted disease
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how do medications help with erectile dysfunction....?
- relaxing smooth muscle of penis arteries, increases blood flow and creating an erection by activating chemical cGMP
- OR inhibit an enzyme will inactivate chemical cGMP
- meds can either b oral or injected into the side of penis or pallet inserted into the urethra.
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what does the musculoskeletal system do for the body?....
- body strength
- structure
- capability of movement
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skeleton (bones)
support/protect from outside forces
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muscles........
move bones/produce heat maintain a normal body temperature
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what diseases is musclular drugs used for?......
- osteoporosis
- arthritis/osteoarthritis
- bursitis
- tendinitis
- rheumatoid arthritis
- muscle spasms
- fibromyalgia
- gout
- contusion/bruises
- sprains, strains, pulled muscles
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osteoporosis is........
thinning of bone
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what are the 2 types of bone cells?....
- osteoblasts-deposit of new bones
- osteoclasts-break down and remove old/damaged bone
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how is osteoporosis prevented...?
- taking estrogen
- supplementing calcium
- increasing exercise
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people that have a higher chance of osteoprosis......
- more common in women
- sm stature caucasion/asian
- post menopsusal women
- fair skin, red heads, blonds
- smokers/alcoholics
- decreased exercise
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osteoarthritis is........
- (known as degenerative joint disease) wear and tear of cartilege in joint
- pain swelling in hips/knees
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*NO DRUG CAN REVERSE CARTILAGE/BONE DAMAGE THAT HAS ALREADY OCCURED IN JOINT
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what are the 4 ways aspirin work?......
- anti imflammatory
- analgesic
- anti pyretic (decreses fever)
- anti coagulant (thins blood)
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1st drug class of osteoarthritis...
salicylates
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2nd drug class of osteoarthritis......
acetaminophens
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acetaminophens work as....?
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3rd drug class is NSAIDS which stands for what?.......
nonsteroidal anti-iflammatory drugs
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what do NSAIDS do?.......
inhibit production of prostaglandins with some analgesic effect less chance of causing ulcers
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4th drug class of osteoarthritis is COX-2 inhibitor drugs which....
inhibit cyclo oxytenase-2 (or cox-2) decrease the production of prostaglandins annd releive pain.
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5th drug class......
corticosteroids-anti-inflammatory effect shouldn't b given long due to side effects
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6th drug class........
OTC topical drugs-used to treat pain by diminishing sensory nerve signals
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7th drug class under other drugs...
hyaluronic acid secreted synovial membrane of joint maintain lub in the joint
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rheumatoid athritis.....
inflammation, swelling, pain, joint deformity, loss of joint function that is triggered by a virus
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true/false...
acetaminophen is used for rheumatoid arthritis
FALSE!!
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the 1st line of treatment for rheumatoid arthritis is.......
salicylates, NSAIDS, COX-2
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what are keletal muscle relaxants used to treat..
starins, sprains, pulled muscles
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what is fibromyalgia?
- pain in the neck, back, or hips
- cause is unknown
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gout is.......?
caused by accumulation in uric acid in blood bc kidneys unable to excrete excess uric acid, crystallizes in the joints bringing pain&inflammation
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how do the drugs treat gout?
- increasing excreation of uric acid in urine
- inhibiting enzymes produce uric acid in blood
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