ch 7&9

• kidneys 2
• ureters 2
• bladder
• urethra
• external urinary meatus

kidneys, bladder, urinary tract, some male reproductive systems

• extracting waste products
• retaining what we need

• keep sodium & K from being reabsorbed back into blood
• extra sodium & K increase urine volume

to increase the natural excreation of sodium/water and with this lowers blood pressure.

a nephron

also block sodium and K from being reabsorbed into the blood.

• trade names:
• HCTZ
• hydrodiuril
• microzide

• also block from going into the blood stream
• ex: bumex

conserve potassium and allows it to be reabsorbed from the tublule back into the blood

remain inactive in body increases concentration of the filtrates. Holds water and electrolytes and prevents the water from being reabsorbed.

inhibit enzyme carbonic anhydrase in tubule wall cells. bicarbonate and hydrogen ions are NOT formed.

thiazide diurectic drug (hydrochlorothiazide) and potassium sparing diurectic drug

diet modification to replace potassium (bananas)

liquids, powders, effervescent tablets, capsules, and tablets

• in milliequivalents
• (mEq)

potassium deficiency (hypokalemia) can lead to life-threating cardiac arrhythmias bc electrolyte potassium is crucial to the normal contraction of heart muscle.

gram negative bacteria like Ecoli

kill bacteria

inhibits their growths and eventually bacteria simply die off.

UTIs

sulfonamide anti-infective drugs

block formation folic acid in bacterial cells interferes ability of some bacteria to grow and reproduce.

change urine to ammonia and formaldehyde that kills bacteria.

antibiotic anti-infective sulfa drug works synergistically

synergism is when 2 drugs combine to produce an effect that is greater than either drug used alone.

alkaline

suppresses bacteria growth

• burning when urinating
• frequent and painful urination
• have sm amounts

• infection
• catheterization
• urinary retention
• kidney stones
• overactive bladder

relax smooth muscle in urethra/bladder to allow normal emptying

• -analgesic
• -anti-spasmodic
• -anti infective
• -sedative

urinary urgency, frequency, and urinary incontinence due involuntary contractions

block action of acetylcholine and reduce smooth muscle tone of bladder to decrease bladder contractions, spasms, and incontinence

• benign prostatic hypertrophy
• enzyme found in prostate cells interacts with testosterone converting it to dihydrotestosterone which turns prostate gland to hypertrophy.

true

• difficulty urinating
• hesitancy
• decreased urinary stream
• enlarged prostate

• drug of choice for treating BPH
• enzyme inhibits dihydrotestosterone/reduces its level reducing negative effect on prostate cell.
• *the only prob with this is has to b taken 6-12 months to make a difference in the gland

all the various male hormones

BOTH BPH and male pattern baldness

block receptors in smooth muscle of nd prostate allowing relaxation for easier flow of urine

acute or chronic bacterial infection of prostate gland due urinary tract infection or sexually transmitted disease

• relaxing smooth muscle of penis arteries, increases blood flow and creating an erection by activating chemical cGMP
• OR inhibit an enzyme will inactivate chemical cGMP
• meds can either b oral or injected into the side of penis or pallet inserted into the urethra.

• body strength
• structure
• capability of movement

support/protect from outside forces

move bones/produce heat maintain a normal body temperature

• osteoporosis
• arthritis/osteoarthritis
• bursitis
• tendinitis
• rheumatoid arthritis
• muscle spasms
• fibromyalgia
• gout
• contusion/bruises
• sprains, strains, pulled muscles

thinning of bone

• osteoblasts-deposit of new bones
• osteoclasts-break down and remove old/damaged bone

• taking estrogen
• supplementing calcium
• increasing exercise

• more common in women
• sm stature caucasion/asian
• post menopsusal women
• fair skin, red heads, blonds
• smokers/alcoholics
• decreased exercise

• (known as degenerative joint disease) wear and tear of cartilege in joint
• pain swelling in hips/knees

• anti imflammatory
• analgesic
• anti pyretic (decreses fever)
• anti coagulant (thins blood)

salicylates

acetaminophens

• analgesic
• antiphretic

nonsteroidal anti-iflammatory drugs

inhibit production of prostaglandins with some analgesic effect less chance of causing ulcers

inhibit cyclo oxytenase-2 (or cox-2) decrease the production of prostaglandins annd releive pain.

corticosteroids-anti-inflammatory effect shouldn't b given long due to side effects

OTC topical drugs-used to treat pain by diminishing sensory nerve signals

hyaluronic acid secreted synovial membrane of joint maintain lub in the joint

inflammation, swelling, pain, joint deformity, loss of joint function that is triggered by a virus

FALSE!!

salicylates, NSAIDS, COX-2

starins, sprains, pulled muscles

• pain in the neck, back, or hips
• cause is unknown

caused by accumulation in uric acid in blood bc kidneys unable to excrete excess uric acid, crystallizes in the joints bringing pain&inflammation

• increasing excreation of uric acid in urine
• inhibiting enzymes produce uric acid in blood