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What is the function of the respiratory system?
Is to supply the body with O2 and dispose of CO2
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The function of the respiratory system is to supply the body with O2and dispose of CO2, collectively this is called what?
Respiration
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Three processes of respiration are?
Pulmonary ventilation, External respiration and Internal respiration
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Air into and out of the lungs for gas exchange is what type of respiration?
Pulmonary ventilation
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O2 from the lungs to the blood and CO2 from the blood to the lungs, is what type of respiration?
External respiration
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Movement of O2 from the blood to the tissue cells and of CO2 from tissue cells to blood, is what type of respiration?
Internal respiration
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What are the 7 parts of a Respiratory System?
- Nose
- Nasal cavity
- Pharynx
- Larynx
- Trachea
- Bronchi and their smaller branches
- The lungs ending in terminal air sacs, or alveoli
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Functionally the respiratory system consists of two zones, what are they?
respiratory and conducting zone
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The respiratory zone is the actual site for this?
Gas Exchange
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The respiratory zone is composed of what?
respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli, all microscopic structures.
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The conducting zone includes all respiratory passageways except where? (there are 4 places)
respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli, all microscopic structures.
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This respiratory zone cleanses, humidifies, and warms incoming air
The Conducting Zone
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The is funnel-shaped and connects the nasal cavity and mouth superiorly to the larynx and esophagus inferiorly (commonly called the throat)
The Pharynx
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From superior to inferior, the pharynx is divided into three regions, what are they?
Nasopharynx, oropharynx and the laryngopharynx
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The Nasopharynx is posterior to what, inferior to what, and superior to what?
posterior to the nasal cavity, inferior to the sphenoid bone, and superior to the level of the soft palate
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This is one of the three pharynx that serves only as an air passageway?
The Nasopharynx
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The Oropharynx lies posterior to what and is continuous with it through an archway called what?
posterior to the oral cavity, isthmus of the fauces
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Both swallowed food and inhaled air pass through this
The Oropharynx
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Tonsils lie embedded in the mucosa of this
the oropharyngeal
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The Laryngopharynx is a passageway for food and air and is lined with what?
stratified squamous epithelium
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During swallowing, food has the "right of way," and air passage temporarily stops where?
The Laryngopharynx
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This is also called the voice box
The Larynx
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The Larynx has three functions, what are they?
- provide a open airway
- to act as a switching mechanism to route air and food into the proper channels
- voice production, because it houses the vocal cords
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The framework of the larynx is made up of what?
Nine hyaline cartilages connected by membranes and ligaments.
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The large, shield-shaped thyroid cartilage is formed by the fusion of two cartilage plates giving midline laryngeal prominence, is commonly called this?
the Adam’s apple
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The ninth cartilage of the larynx is flexible, spoon-shaped, called what?
Epiglottis
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This is composed of elastic cartilage and is almost entirely covered by a taste bud–containing mucosa
The Epiglottis
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When only air is flowing into the larynx, the inlet to the larynx is closed and the free edge of the epiglottis projects downward. True or False
False: the inlet of the larynx is open and projects upward.
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During swallowing, the larynx is pulled superiorly and the epiglottis tips to cover the laryngeal inlet. True or False
True
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This keeps food out of the lower respiratory passages
The Larynx - Epiglottis
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On each side laryngeal mucosa are the vocal ligaments, made of elastic fibers with folds. What are they?
vocal folds, or true vocal cords
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When the vocal folds vibrate, what happens
Sounds are produced as air rushes up from the lungs
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The vocal folds and the medial opening between them through which air passes are called what?
the glottis
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Speech or voice production involves what?
the intermittent release of expired air and the opening and closing of the glottis.
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This changes with the action of the intrinsic laryngeal muscles
The length of the true vocal cords and the size of the glottis
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What happens as the length and tension of the vocal cords change?
the pitch of the sound varies
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Generally, as the cords become more tense, the faster they vibrate. What happens to the pitch?
the higher the pitch
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What happens when the glottis is wide or narrow?
when wide we produce deep tones and narrows to a slit for high-pitched sounds.
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As a boy’s larynx enlarges during puberty, his true vocal cords become what? The cords vibrate more slowly to give deeper voice.
longer and thicker
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What happens to the voice until enlarged true vocal cords are under control
it cracks
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What happens to the voice until enlarged true vocal cords are under control
it cracks
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What descends from the larynx through the neck and into the mediastinum?
The trachea
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This ends by dividing into the two main bronchi at midthorax?
The trachea or windpipe
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In humans, what are the dimentions of the trachea (which is very flexible and mobile)
it is 10–12 cm (about 4 inches) long and 2 cm (3/4 inch) in diameter
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What does the tracheal wall consists of?
the mucosa, submucosa, and adventitia layers
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What is the outer layer of the trachea called?
the mucosa
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The outer layer of the trachea, the mucosa, has what type of tissue? This tissue is throughout most of the respiratory tract.
pseudostratified epithelium
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The trachea divides into the right and left what?
main (primary) bronchi
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Each bronchus runs obliquely in where?
the mediastinum
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Each bronchus runs obliquely in the mediastinum and then into the medial depression also called what?
Hilum
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What side of the main bronchus is wider, shorter, and more vertical than the other side?
The right side
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This side of the bronchus is the more common site for an inhaled foreign object to become lodged
The right side
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By the time incoming air reaches the bronchi, what are the air's characteristics?
it is warm, cleansed of most impurities, and saturated with water vapor
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In the lungs, each main bronchus subdivides into lobar (secondary) bronchi, how many on each side?
three on the right and two on the left
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In the lungs, each main bronchus subdivides into lobar (secondary) bronchi (three on the right and two on the left each supplying what?
one lung lobe
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Each bronchi branches out into smaller bronchioles, about how many times overall?
23
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At the terminal bronchioles, which are the tiniest, are less than how big in diameter?
0.5mm
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Another name for the bronchi or subdivisions?
often called the bronchial or respiratory tree
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As the tubes in the bronchial tree becomes smaller, three structural changes occur:
Support structure changes, epithelium type changes and amount of smooth muscle increases
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As the conducting tubes in the bronchial tree becomes smaller, the cartilage rings are replaced by irregular plates of cartilage lacking what?
supportive cartilage
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What type of fibers are found in the tube wall throughout the bronchial tree?
elastic fibers
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The mucosal epithelium thins as it changes from pseudostratified columnar to what type of tissue and then to a another different type of tissue, in the terminal bronchioles.
columnar and then to cuboidal
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Cilia and mucus-producing cells are minimal where?
In the bronchioles
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The amount of smooth muscle in the tube walls increases as the passageways become smaller. true or false
true
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The Bronchial Tree / Respiratory Zone is defined by the presence of what?
thin-walled air sacs called alveoli (small cavity)
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The respiratory bronchioles lead into where?
alveolar ducts
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The alveolar ducts lead into terminal clusters of alveoli called what?
alveolar sacs
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Gas-filled alveoli in the lungs account for most of the lung volume for easy gas exchange. About how many gas filled alveoli are there?
300 million or so
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The alveoli are surrounded by what type of fibers?
fine elastic fibers
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Open alveolar pores that connect adjacent alveoli allow air pressure throughout the lung to be equalized and for what other reason?
provide alternate air routes to any alveoli whose bronchi have collapsed due to disease
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What crawls freely along the internal alveolar surfaces
efficient alveolar macrophages
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Alveolar surfaces are usually sterile. Why is this surprising?
since a huge numbers of infectious microorganisms are continuously carried into the alveoli
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Because the alveoli are "dead ends," aged and dead what must be prevented from accumulating in them.
macrophages: a humban clears over 2 million alveolar macrophages per hour
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The paired lungs occupy how much of the thoracic cavity
all of the thoracic cavity
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Each cone-shaped lung is suspended by what?
the lung root
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The lungs form the continuously curving costal surface, why?
lung surfaces lie in close contact with the ribs
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What is the area called at which pulmonary and systemic blood vessels enter and leave the lungs.
The Hilum
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Each bronchus plunges into the hilum on its own side and begins to do what?
branch
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Which lung is smaller?
the left
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The left lung is smaller than the right, and is divided into how many lobes by the oblique fissure
2; superior and inferior lobes
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How is the right lung partitioned?
into superior, middle, and inferior
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On average, the lungs contain how many alveoli?
about 300 million
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The lungs increases the respiratory surface for what?
O2 and CO2 exchange
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The total area of the respiratory surface in a pair of lungs is about the same area as what? a tennis court
a tennis court
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What carries systemic venous blood that is to be oxygenated in the lungs
Pulmonary Arteries
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This carries freshly oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart.
Pulmonary Veins
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Pulmonary vessels are low-volume, high-pressure? true or false
Fales: Pulmonary vessels are large-volume, low-pressure
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Bronchial arteries are small-volume, high-pressure input? true or false
True
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All of the body’s blood passes through the lungs how often?
about once each minute
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Because all of the body’s blood passes through the lungs about once each minute, the lung capillary endothelium is a good location for what and why?
for enzymes since they act on materials in the blood
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Lungs and Nervous System are innervated by what 3 types of fibers?
parasympathetic and sympathetic motor fibers, and visceral sensory fibers.
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Nerve fibers enter each lung through what?
the pulmonary plexus on the lung root
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Ones the nerve fibers enter the lungs through the pulmonary plexus on the lung root then where do they go?
along the bronchial tubes and blood vessels in the lungs.
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Parasympathetic fibers do what to the air tubes?
constrict the air tubes
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Sympathetic nervous system does what to the air tubes?
dilates air tubes
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Breathing is also referred to as what?
pulmonary ventilation
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What is the period called when air flows into the lungs
Inspiration
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What is the period called when gases exit the lungs
expiration
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Inhalation: air flows in, the chest cavity does what and the diaphragm does what?
Chest cavity expands and the diaphragm contracts, flattening out.
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Exhalation: Air flows out, the chest cavity does what and the diaphragm does what?
Chest cavity decreases in volume and the diaphragm relaxes, returning to dome shape
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As the air enters into the bronchial tree, the resistance decreases or increases?
increases
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As the air enters into the bronchial tree, the resistance increases since the size of the tubes gets smaller. What is this called?
Airway Resistance
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The round shape of the alveoli increases the surface area and the tension, to increase the capacity. This is called what?
Alveolar Surface Tension
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This is determined by the elasticity of the alveoli
Lung Compliance
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This is the amount of air inhaled or exhaled with each breath under resting conditions
Tidal Volume (TV) 500ml male and female.
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This is the amount of air that can be forcefully inhaled after a normal tidal volume inhalaltion?
Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) 3100ml male 1900ml female
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This is the amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after a normal tidal volume exhalation
Expiratory reserve volume (ERV) 1200ml male 700ml female
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This is the amount of air remaining in the lungs after a forced exhalation (connecting zone or dead zone)
Residual Volume (RV) 1200ml males 1100ml femals
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What is the primary function of the lungs?
Gas exchange
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Since gas exchange is the primary function of the lungs, what is actually happening?
O2 from the environment is exchanged for CO2 from the body.
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Gas exchange occurs by simple diffusion between what?
the alveoli and the capillaries.
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In the Alveolus:oxygen concentration is high, carbon dioxide concentration low? true or false
True
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In the Capillary:oxygen concentration is high, and carbon dioxide concentration low? true or false
False: Capillary:oxygen concentration low, carbon dioxide concentration high
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Who considers the total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is the sum of the pressures exerted independently by each gas in the mixture.
Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures
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Dalton's Law of Partial pressures is the Total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is the sum of the pressures exerted independently by each gas in the mixture. What is the pressure called exerted by each gas?
its partial pressure
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What is the normal respiratiory rate?
12 - 15 breaths per minute
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Where is respiration controlled?
In medulla oblongata of the brain
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The medulla oblongata of brain sends out impulses to diaphragm and external intercostals (causing contraction) during what pulmonary ventilation?
Inspiration
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The medulla oblongata of brain stops sending impulses to those muscles (muscles relax) during what pulmonary ventilation?
Expiration
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CO2 and H+ can directly effect the respiratory center's ability to increases the rate and depth of breathing. True or false
true
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Chemoreceptors in the carotid and aortic bodies are Sensitive to oxygen levels in blood.When levels decrease, impulses are sent to respiratory center, the Respiratory center then increases rate and depth of breathing
Indirectly responsive to O2
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What is it called when exchange of gas between air in alveoli and blood?
External respiration
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Gases exert pressure. true or false
true
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Gas exchange in the body is measured by the amount of pressure each gas in a mixture exerts. What is this pressure called?
Partial pressure
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Partial pressure is the amount of pressure each gas in a mixture exerts. How is it symbolized?
Pco2 and Po2
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Blood in pulmonary capillaries has a lower Pco2 than atmospheric air. true or false
False: Blood in pulmonary capillaries has a higher Pco2 than atmospheric air
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Carbon dioxide generated in tissue is transported in blood. Most transported in the form of type of what?
bicarbonate ions
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Carbon dioxide generated in tissue is transported in blood. Most transported in the form of bicarbonate ions but some are transported how?
dissolved molecular CO2
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Is an increase in the rate and depth of breathing that exceeds the body's need to remove CO2
Hyperventilation.
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This is an insufficient ventilation in relation to metabolic needs, causing CO2 retention
Hypoventilation
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Sore throat, high fever, white patches
"strep throat" Streptococcus pyogenes
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