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Changes from Late Preceramic to Initial Period
1.Irrigation agriculture:
- 2.Increased trade: coast and highlands
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Cerro Sechin (2200-1300 BCE)
Adobe construction and stone carved facade of ritual battle/procession/wartime commemoration
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Sechin Alto, Casma Valley (1400-1000 BCE)
- •Focus on large square plazas (contrasted to Caral)
- •Built into the ground, not up
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Sechin Complex architecture
transition from conical adobe construction to stone remodeling
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U-Shape Architecture (William Isbell)
•parallel arms express opposing yet complementary forces within society and cosmos; the central building represents the synthesis of these opposing forces
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U-Shape Architecture (Richard Berger)
“designed to focus and influence supernatural power for the benefit of the community.”
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Caballo Muerto, Moche Valley (1800-1300 BCE)
- •Central figure in high relief
- •Would have been heavily painted
•Feline
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Cupisnique ceramics
- •Felines very prominent figures
- •Class cupisnique the most widely used because we have the most of them
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Modeled figures in "Tembladera"-style, Jequetepeque Valley
zoomorphic, anthropomorphic, phytomorphic
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Incised designs in "Tembladera"-style, Jequetepeque Valley
Geometric/abstract, figural elements
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Middle Cupisnique
"Classic"
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Late Cupisnique "Coastal Chavin" debate
"Chavin" and "Chongoyape"
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Prominent MOTIFS in Cupisnique ceramics
Animals, birds, marine, plants
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Prominent Visual THEMES
Feline-cactus, Dual-eye motif, dual shells, captive victims, seated figures, contortionist
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Motif and theme
Dual eye motif in Cupisnique ceramics
Shows transition from human form to female form
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Dual-shells motif in Cupisnique ceramics
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Motif and theme?
Feline-cactus motif in Cupisnique ceramics
- •San Pedro cactus used in curing ceremonies
- •With this in the iconography and with the feline could mean something that was practiced in ancient times
•Associated with certain ecological zone higher up than the coast
SHAMANIC TRANSFORMATION?
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Motif?
Captive Victim motif in Cupisnique ceramics
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Motif?
Seated Figure motif in Cupisnique ceramics
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Spider Decapitator motif in Cupisnique ceramics
•Most highly visual elements are stone bowls and stone vases
•All have fairly consistent design
•Spider and human elements
Dual form
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Spider Chelicerae motif in Cupisnique ceramics
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Cupisnique stone vase
Decapitator figure
Spider chelicerae--avian beak: application like masks to front of fanged face
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Cupisnique net design with severed heads and feline
•Netted heads with the feline
•Taking feline from cactus theme and crossing it with the netted heads
•Feline serves many different functions
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Cupisnique Iconography (3)
- •Capture: net design, ropes (neck, hands), captive figures
•Decapitation: Supernatural decapitators, isolated heads, slit throats •Symbolic dyads: Spondylus – Strombus, Dual eye forms
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Initial Period-Sechin Complex dates and details
- 2200-1200 BCE: Cerro Sechín
- •stone façade: 1500 BCE, processing figures
- 1400-1000 BCE: Sechín Alto:
- •U-shaped architecture, mid-agricultural fields
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Initial Period-Middle Cupisnique dates and details
- 1200-900 BCE: Caballo Muerto
- •feline clay sculpture, colonnade facade, sunken square plazas
1200-900 BCE
–Stone vessels (Decapitators), Stirrup spout bottles (Feline-cactus theme, Symbolic dyads: shells, eyes)
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Spider theme found in (3)
Cupisnique, post-Sechin Complex, Garagay
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Motif vs. Theme
- Motif: a repeated visual design or image
- Theme: an idea, message or implied concept in a work(s) of art
- -identifiable by a repeated set of visual motifs that comprise an integrated or reticular visual program (Ex: spider, net design [web], isolated heads = capture and sacrifice)
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Pacopampa (1200-200 BCE)
- Stone architecture, stone-lined canals
- Emphasis on central, sunken plazas
- Use of internal/subterranean stone-lined canals
- Three-terrace style architecture
- Stone columns
- Circular plaza built into the architecture
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Pacopampa (Early Horizon): feline-avian-serpent
Motifs: feline mortar, avian beak, serpent eyes, rope element, hexagonal net design, serpent pestle
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Kuntur Wasi Monolith
Dual-eye motif: quadrangular eye (right) vs. serpent eye (left)
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Red cinnabar
mercury ore (vermillion)
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Pututo
Strombus shell trumpets
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Repoussé
a metalworking technique in which a malleable metal is ornamented or shaped by hammering from the reverse side
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Agnathic=
lacking a lower jaw (Kuntur Wasi)
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Formative Period: Northern Andes-Continuities from Cupisnique into highlands
- Symbolic dyads: shells, eye forms
- Colonnaded entranceways
- Net designs and isolated heads
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Formative Period: Northern Andes-New features in highlands
- High status burials in site center
- Stone-lined canal system
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Cumbemayo (meaning)
- cumbe [cumpi]=fine (thread)
- mayo [mayu]=river
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Petroglyph
image or design carved into stone
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Continental Divide
- •Where the river tributaries from the highlands divide between those heading west toward the Pacific Ocean and those heading east toward the Amazon Basin
- •The Cumbemayo Canal takes water from the Pacific Ocean drainage and directs it over the Continental Divide into the Cajamarca Basin
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Kuntur Wasi-House of Condor
Stone-lined canals: Begin in highland centers, exceed needs for site drainage, direct from West to East, emerge or progress down from highest (third) terrace
Stone-lined canals possible symbolic function: Physical control of water by site center, acoustics of rushing water focus attention, monument as source of group abundance
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