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aird.ali
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what sociology brings to the study of gender (3)
- 1. life course perspective
- 2. macrolevel institutional analysis
- 3. microlevel interactionist approach
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power in relation to gender
- group vs. individual
- power leads to gender differences
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critique of sex-role theory (5)
- 1. minimizes importance of gender
- 2. singular definitions of masculinity & femininity
- 3. not just plural but RELATIONAL
- 4. gender is situational
- 5. does not consider "dynamics of change"
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how gender definitions vary (4)
- 1. between societies
- 2. over time in one society
- 3. between subcultures
- 4. over the lifespan
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Talcott Parsons' contribution to gender identity development
shift from biological to societal
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Talcott Parsons' theory (2)
- genders fulfill society's needs
- production and reproduction
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developmental differences
NURTURE
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the M-F test's contribution to understanding gender identity development (2)
- introduced the continuum of gender
- nonconformity indicates sexual orientation
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meaning of Freud's theory (2)
- 1. raise kids to have gender
- 2. women are inferior
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Freud's basic ideas of gender & sexual orientation identities (3)
- 1. gender = psychological
- 2. gender identity determines sexual orientation
- 3. following stereotypes indicates successful development
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warfare, bonding & inequality (4)
- 1. reward warriors with women
- 2. reward all men
- 3. infanticide (control #)
- 4. exclude women
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definition of muxe
men who act like women, artistic & intelligent
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definition of berdache
adopt gender identity of the opposite sex
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definition of nadle
ambiguous sex (hermaphrodite & voluntary)
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how many genders are there?
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theories of gender definitions and male dominance (2)
- 1. private property & materialism of male dominance
- 2. warfare, bonding & inequity
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support for nature component of gender identity (3)
- 1. evolutionary theory
- 2. brain research
- 3. edocrinological research (sex hormones)
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variations in gender differences between societies
variability in definitions of masculinity and femininity challenges biological determinism
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theories on gender division of labor (3)
- 1. functionalism
- 2. private property & male dominance
- 3. warfare & bonding
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sociobiology
behaviors are a result of natural selection
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historical expanations of reasons for gender differences (4)
- 1. menstruation
- 2. men: larger brains
- 3. education shrinks uterus
- 4. women are fragile
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consequences of the invisibility of gender (2)
- 1. fail to see impacts of history of priviledge
- 2. norms appear to be gender-neutral
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how gender varies over time (2)
one person's life and in history
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how gender varies within a society
spectrums, subcultures, diversity within each sex is greater than differences between the sexes
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tasks of the study of gender (2 questions)
- 1. why do almost all societies differentiate based on sex? (tasks)
- 2. why male dominance?
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sociology of gender
meanings that societies attach to being male & female
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definition of sex
biological apparatus: chemistry, anatomy, brain
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definition of gender
meanings attached to sexes within a culture
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differential socialization
"nurture"
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