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Chemical Bonding occurs in two different ways;
Ionic bonds and Covalent bonds
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Ionic Bonding
also known as electrovalent bonding an ionic bond involves the transfer of electrons from one atom to another
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what happens when you take electrons away from one atom and give them to another?
it leaves you with 2 oppositely charged ions
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What happens when you have two opposites?
they attract eachother this attraction "bonds" the two atoms together
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= or -> means
yeilds or produces
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most metals & non metals unite,
chemically by ionic bonds
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Covalent bonding
covalent bonds involve the sharing of electrons between combing atoms
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having 8 electrons in it's outermost shell makes it
stable
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when two electrons or one pair of electrons is being shared it is known as a
signle covalent
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oxygen exists in nature with a covalent bond also
sharing total "8"
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when four electrons or two pair of electrons are being shared it is known as a
- double covalent bond
- O=O or formula O2
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Nitrogen also exists in nature with a
covalent bond
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when six electrons or three pair of electrons are being shared it is known as a
- triple covalent bond
- N=N or N2
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Compounds
- NaHCO3
- Na2CO3
- Ca(OH)2
- Na2B4O7
- NaOH
- KOH
- NaCl
- H2O
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NaHCO3
- Sodium hydrogen carbonate
- Sodium bicarbonate
- "baking soda"
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Na2CO3
- Sodium carbonate
- "washing soda"
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Na2B4O7
- Sodium tetraborate
- "Borax"
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NaOH
- Sodium hydroxide
- "Caustic soda"
- "Lye'
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KOH
- Potassium hydroxide
- "Potash"
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NaCl
- Sodium chloride
- "table salt"
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H2O
- Dihydrogen monoxide
- Hydrogen hydroxide
- "water"
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oxidation-reduction define:
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Example of Slow Oxidation
the rusting of metal is an example of slow oxidation
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Example of Rapid Oxidation
the burning of wood is an example of rapid oxidation
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example of the phenomena of spontaneous combustion
the sudden explosion of grain silos
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chemical equation
is a combination of chemical symbols and formulas used as a shorthand way to represent the reactants and products in a chemical change
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"in a chemical reaction, matter is neither created nor destroyed, only changed in form"
meanin the same amounts of the substances are there- they are only changed in form
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the -> is used
instead of an equal sign to indicated the direction of the reaction
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CO2 + H2O ------> (chlorophyll) C6H12O6
"glucose"
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Equilibrium in terms of a chemical reaction...
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Types of Chemical Reactions
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a neutralization reaction
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all four classes of inorganic compounds
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Balancing Chemical Equations
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Hydrogen
the first element to appear on the Periodic Table of the Elements
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pure molecular hydrogen is a
colorless, odorless and tasteless gas
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pure hydrogen gas can be obtained in a number of ways;
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pure oxygen gas can be obtained in a number of ways;
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compounds which contain oxygen are called
oxides
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the most typical members of this group are
clorine, bromine, flourine and iodine
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clorine, bromine, flourine and iodine elements have a number of similarities:
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Nitrogen
- a component of the air
- a constituent in many organic compounds
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nitorgen occurs in the air as a
diatomic element
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nitrogen based organic compounds readily combine with formaldehyde to produce a decomposition resistant substances called
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unique compounds=water
described as colorless, odorless and tasteless substance
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water in chemical language it is known by two names
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water is recognized as the
universal solvent
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forms of impure water:
- 1. polluted water
- 2. turbid water
- 3. potable water
- 4. contaminated water
- 5. hard water
- 6. soft water
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ammonia
ammonia molecule contains one atom of nitrogen and three atoms of hydrogen, when proteins decompose, ammonia is produced
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when a dead body is being embalmed
the decomposing tissues are inhibited from further decomposition by adding formaldehyde based embalming fluids
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hydrogen ion concentration (pH)
- the measure of the realitive strength of an acid or base
- measures how many hydrogen ions (H+1) are present in a solution
- measured on a scale of zero (0) to 14
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it the pH (or hydrogen ion concentration) is below 7 then the solution is said to be an
acid (or acidic) the further below 7 th pH is the stronger the acid
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the pH (or hydrogen ion concentration) is above 7, then the solution is said to be
a base ( basic or alkaline) the further above 7 the pH is the stronger the base
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the pH of blood (during life) is approximately
7.3 to 7.4
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acids
derived from the latin word "Acidus" which means sour therefore they have a sour taste
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