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What is the mechanism for beta-blockers?
blocks the effects of adrenaline on your body's beta receptors
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What are the Beta 1-receptors responsible for?
heart rate and strength of your heart beat
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What are Beta 2-receptors responsible for?
function of smooth muscles in blood vessels, bronchi, GI tract, and genitourinary tract
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Where are the adrenal glands located and what do they secrete?
they are located on top of the kidneys; they secrete epinephrine and norepinephrine
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What is epinephrine?
a hormone that increases heart rate and force of heart contractions, thus increasing blood pressure
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what is norepinephrine?
a hormone has strong vasoconstrictive effects, thus increasing blood pressure
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what are some other names for beta blockers?
beta-adrenergic blocking agents; beta-blocking agents
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What are the indications for beta blockers?
Hypertension; Angina: Helps prevent additional heart attacks in heart; attack patients; Corrects irregular heartbeat; Prevents migraine; headaches; Treat tremors
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What do beta-blockers reduce?
heart rate and blood pressure
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are all beta blockers receptor selective?
no some are non-selective (affecting both beta-1 and beta-2 sites
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What are some possible side effects of beta blockers?
Slow heart-rate (bradycardia); Fatigue; Dizziness; Depression; Shortness of breath; Nightmares; increases skin sensitivity to sunlight
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Why should diabetics be careful while taking beta blockers?
may cause blood glucose to rise, can increase glucose intolerance, can mask symptoms of hypoglycemia
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Why can beta blockers possibly mask hypoglycemic symptoms?
it prevents stimulating "fight or flight" responses of the body thereby inhibiting gluconeogenesis
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What is the patient education for beta blockers?
take with food to increase absorption; may increase skin sensitivity to sunlight
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What is the mechanism for diuretics?
cause kidneys to remove more sodium and water from the body and relaxes the blood vessel wall resulting in lower blood pressure
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What class of drug is triamterene/HCTZ? What is/are the brand name(s) for it?
diuretic; maxzide and dyazide
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What can triamterene be used for to treat?
fluid retention (edema) in people with: congestive heart failure, cirrhosis of the lever, nephrotic syndrome
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What makes triamterene different from other diuretics?
K+ sparing, prevents body from absorbing too much salt, keeps potassium levels from getting too low, used to keep K+ in body
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What class of drug is hydrochlorothiazide? What is its brand name?
diuretic; HydroDIURIL
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What class of drug is furosemide? What is its brand name?
diuretic; Lasix
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What class of drug is spironolactone? What is its brand name?
diuretic; aldactone
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Give an example of a loop diuretic:
furosemide, torsemide, bumetamide
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Give an example of a thiazide diuretic:
bendrofluazide, hydrochlorothiazide
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Give an example of a K+ sparing diuretic:
amiloride, spirinolactone, triamterene
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What is the mechanism behind Calcium Channel Blockers?
Inhibits the passage of calcium through the smooth muscle cells and decreases calcium availability for muscle contraction
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What do Calcium Channel Blockers do/treat?
They decrease the force of contraction from the heart, lowers heart rate and blood pressure, and treats angina.
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What is the drug class and generic for Norvasc?
Calcium Channel Blocker; Amlodipine
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What is the drug class and brand name(s) for verapamil?
Calcium Channel Blocker; Calan, Isoptin
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What is the drug class and brand name(s) for Nifedipine?
Calcium Channel Blocker; Adalat, Procardia
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What is the drug class and brand name(s) for Felodipine
Calcium Channel Blocker; Plendil
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What is the deal with HTN medications and OTC cough/cold medications?
Avoid them until checking with a doctor. Taking one with a decongestant in it can increase blood pressure
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What are some of the side effects of Calcium Channel Blockers?
edema, flushing, headache, fatigue, abdominal pain
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Tell me about angina:
it's chest pain and discomfort that occurs when heart doesnt get the blood and oxygen it needs. Coronary arteries can become clogged with angina
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What are some of the chest symptoms associated with angina?
tightness, heaviness, burning, may spread up arm, back, and neck
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What is Nitroglycerin (NTG)?
it's a vasodilator that treats angina, CHF, and hypertensive emergencies
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What forms does NTG come in? What's important to know about one of the forms?
It comes in patches and subligual tabs (among others). With the sublingual tablets make sure not to crush or chew and also it has to be kept in a glass container.
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With taking NTG for an emergency what is the important "rule"?
If anginal chest pain is unresolved in 15 minutes, seek emergency medical help at once.
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What are some side effects associated with NTG?
headache, dizziness, hypotension
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What is the drug class and brand name(s) for Diltiazem?
Calcium Channel Blocker; Cardizem and SR, Dilacor, Tiazac
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What are the brand names for triamterene with HCTZ?
Maxzide, Dyazide
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What is the drug class and brand names for Labetalol?
Beta Blocker; Normodyne and Trandate
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What are the B-1 Beta Blocker medications?
atenolol, atenolol & chlorthalidone, metoprolol, bisoprolol & HCTZ
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What beta blocker medications are non-selective with alpha-1 blocking activity?
Carvedilol and Labetalol
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Which beta blocker medication is non selective without any alpha-1 blocking activity?
Propranolol
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