Anth101_Exam2

physical features and geographic location

most variations occured across human populations regardless of racial makeup; too many different types to classify them

They classify biological profiles by sex, stature, age and race. Observable differences between races, but not valid reason.

They play a huge role in perception of races on news.

Genetic factors affect health inequalities, and causes genetic differences between races.

socioeconomic stress, health behavior, psychological stress, social structure and cultural context

geographic regions causes difference between races, traits are inherited INDEPENDENTLY, and ancestry is related more than race.

There's 90% more difference within regions, and 10% difference between regions. Greater diversity within so called racial groups. Similar biological feastures DOES NOT mean certain people share common ancestry.

Ability to respond to changes in environment

Acclimation (climate), Acclimatization (climate), Cultural/Behavior Adaptation (Vitamin, living conditions), Genetic Adaptation (sickle-cell anemia, lactose intolerant, skin color), and Developmental Adaptation (physiological/structural changes, barrel chest, Tibetans -> higher reproduction, Andeans -> lower production)

Distinguished by sets of traits, 4 categories: hands and feet, teeth and diet, senses and brain, and maturation

Split into two types: Strepsirhini (primitive, prosimians) and Haplorhinis (higher primates, anthropoids)

most "primitive", smaller brains relative to body size, wet nose, can stick fingers through the back. Examples: lemurs, bushbabies, chafaka, aye-aye

higher primates, post-orbital plate (cannot stick finger through back). Examples: monkeys, apes, tarsiers, humans.

Split into two subgroups: Monkeys (old & new), and Hominoids (apes & humans)

• New World Monkeys - found in central and south america, nose project outward to side. examples: spider monkeys, capuchins.
• Old World Monkeys - Africa and Asia, downward facing nostrils, arboreal and terrestrial. examples: toques, macaques, baboons.

Apes and humans, differ in body size, no tails (mostly), and shoulderjoints (shoulderblades are on back, whereas monkeys are on side)

are found in southeast asia, have braciation form (monkey bar motion), include: siamangs, gibbons.

Include Orangutans (found in Indonesia and Borneo), Gorillas (central africa), Chimps (central and west africa), Bonobos (areas south of Zaire River)

300-400 species, found in South America, Asia, and Africa. Habitats include tropicals, savanna grasslands, mountains, and temperate environments (snow monkeys).

They are our closest relatives, and they are similar to us. Share a common ancestor.

Indonesia and China

5 types: Sociality, Dominance, Competition and Aggression, Affiliation and Cooperation, and Cultural Behavior

snowmonkeys exhibit use of culture ("emo", snow monkey who washed sweet potato with saltwater)

pigment that controls skin tone/color

created from folic acid, contains vitamin B, essential to cell growth and reproduction. excessive UV radiation destroy folate, causing disorders in fetuses and sperm production.

Sun stimulates production of Vitamin D in humans. Darker skin -> blocks more UV radiation, causes Vitamin D deficiency -> leads to Rickets, deformations that hinder reproduction.

deficiency of Vitamin D, causes deformations that hinder reproduction.

a gradual change in some phenotypic characteristics from one population to the next. Ex: skin pigmentation of living people, skin color changes in a gradient from dark to light depending on the latitude.

high blood pressure

University of Florida, did a study on why hypertension affects African American population more on others. Reason: limited access to health care and diet, and race being a part of the medical problem. people's social classification -> stress -> high blood pressure.

one's ability to to respond to change in an environment.

short term changes to a stressor, can take anywhere from seconds to minutes.

maintaining a relative, stable temperature

narrows blood vessels to reduce blood flow and heat loss

widens blood vessels to help dissipate heat

long term changes to a stressor.

organism's body temperature falls below normal range, leading to improper body functions and possibly death.

iron-containing substance in blood cells that transport oxygen from heart to rest of body

change in variant to increase fitness, selected because of advantageous benefits.

animal's size is heat-related; smaller bodies are adapted to hot environments, larger bodies adapted to cold environment.

animal's limb lengths are heat-related; long limbs = hot environments, short limbs = cold environment.

physiological and structural changes, occurs ONLY during childhood.

chest of greater circumference when compared to sea level people, occurs ONLY during childhood in high altitudes

ability to adapt to environments through artificial vitamins and improved shelter/clothing.

set of traits that have 4 major categories.

ability to grasp items.

able to touch thumb to every other finger.

able to grasp items with tail

incisors, canines, premolars and molars

a diet's flexibility to adapt to a given environment

• contains 1 quadrant (4 quadrants in total in mouth)
• placental mammals: 3.1.4.3
• humans: 2.1.2.3
• Humans: 8 x 4 = 32 total teeth

sort of specialization thats used for cleaning/grooming, found in lemurs and lorises

dental form in which upper canines are sharpened against lower third premolars when jaws are closed (found ONLY in old world monkeys and apes)

overlapping vision that gives depth perception

bone which runs around eye socket of prosimians (except tarsiers)

sense of smell

wet nose

deals with consciousness in brain

parent's investment in caretaking of child

behaviors that are learned through examples. ex: emo cleans potatoes in water, others follow.

tendency to associate with others

ability to fight and reconcile within a given period of time

primates having large ears and eyes, characterized by noctural habits. ex: lemurs, bushbabies, tarsiers.

higher primates, include monkeys, apes and humans

active during the day

living on land

living on trees

central and south america, noses projected outward. ex: spider monkeys, capuchin monkeys.

Africa and Asia, downward facing nostrils. ex: toques, macaques, and baboons.

apes and humans, differ by body size and no tails, also shoulder joints are on back

research when primates are in a captive environments, only able to control testings

able to research naturally, suitable topics: ecology and feeding behaviors

study of human and non-human primate interactions with variation in human ecology and culture. Nonhuman primate cultures depict direction relationship between nonhuman primates and humans.

coexisting with other species, found in same environment. ex: chimps and baboons grooming, tibetan macaques (mobile) and guizhou snub nosed monkeys (lazy)

1) one male, multifemale, 2) one female, multimale, 3) multimale, multifemale (most common), 4) all male 5) one male for each female, 6) solitary

behavior pattern which is defined as differential access to resources

individuals are ranked relative to others; physical traits, ability come into play. inheritance can also play a role.

occurs within groups and between groups, usually solved by hierachy (alphas)

use of space, grooming, reconciliation, and cooperation

showing tolerance and affiliative qualities

altruistic behaviors that increase fitness of donor's relative. Simplify: primates will act altruisticly to kins and relatives.

animal culture, questioned and debated in 1950s of Japan with japanese macaques (emo washing potatoes)

behaviors shared among those in specific group which are transmitted from generation to generation via social learning