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A branch of botony dealing with fungi.
Mycology
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A disease caused by fungi; a fungal infection in or on a part of the body.
Mycosis
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A kingdom of plantlike spore-forming organisms that grow in masses with out roots, stems, leaves, or photosynthetic pigments.
Fungi
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A closed sac-like structure where sporangiospores are formed. (Large sac-like structure).
Sporangium
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A single celled or multicellular organism whose cells contain a distinct membrane-bound nucleus.
Eukaryotic
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A spore formed by budding, as in yeasts; thin-walled and water-balloon-like.
blastoconidia/blastospores
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a spore formed by the rounding-up of a cell; thick walled; intercalary or terminal postion; it is not shed.
chlamydoconidia/chlamydospore
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an organism that cannot synthesize its own food and is dependent on complex organic substances for nutition.
hetrotrophic
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A plant that derives its nourishment from dead or decaying organic matter.
saprophytic
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hyphae that are subdivided into individual cells by transverse walls.
septate
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those without walls.
aseptate
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basic structural unit of mold, tube like projections.
hyphae
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elongated buds that have failed to separate and are connected together to form a link-of-sausage appearance.
pseudohyphae
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loose network of hyphae.
mycelium
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what are the two types of mycelium?
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This type of mycelium is the nutrients absorbing and water exchanging portion.
vegetative
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This type of mycelium extends above the substrate.
aerial
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Unicellular fungus that reproduce by budding.
yeast
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What is the size of yeast?
2.5 to 6 mircrons
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what CDC biosafety levels should be used when handling fungi?
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What class of saftey cabinet should be used when handling fungi?
2 or 3
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These are single cell forms of fungi.
yeast
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These are multiple cells of fungi that form filaments.
molds
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true or false
Fungi lack chlorophyll.
true
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These are hetrotrophic, saprophytic and/or parasitic organisms that reproduce by spores, either sexually or asexually.
fungi
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Tubular filaments or threads that are branched or unbranched.
hypha/hyphae
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this is a mass of hyphae.
mycelium
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these mycelium project above the substrate and may be comprised of or support elaborate spore bearing, fruiting bodies.
Aerial or reproductive mycelium
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True hyphae are filamentous, flat-ended cells that form __________ cells, do not show points of constriction.
transitional
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Pseudohyphae have regular points of _________ (link sausages)
constriction
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Pseudohyphae are produced in nutritionally _____ environments.
poor
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Pseudohyphae may bud to form _________ (yeast cells) with lesser diameter than true hyphae.
blastospores
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What are the three types of clinically significant hyphae, and their characteristics?
- coenocytic: sparsely septate
- pigmented/dark: septate of the dematiceous fungi
- Septate: non pigmented hyphae of the hyaline molds
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These fungi are cottony, wooly, powdery, or fluffy and have an optimum temperature of 25-30oC.
molds
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These fungi are smooth, pasty, mucoid, and butyraceous, they have an optimum temperature of 35-37oC.
yeasts
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these fungi possess both mold and yeast phases.
dimorphic fungi
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What are the six medically important dimorphic fungi?
- H. capsulatum
- B. dermatidis
- P. marneffei
- C. immitis
- P. brasiliensis
- S. schenkii
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Which medically important dimorphic fungi is thermally dimorphic?
C. immitis
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Dimorphic fungi in this phase produce delicate hyphae, <1-2 mm, this form of colonies have cobwebs or hair like appearance.
mold/mycelial/saprophytic phase
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Dimorphic fungi in this pahse can grow on media with cyclohexamide or antifungal.
yeast/tissue/parasitic phase
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This is when fungi have a dark pigment.
dematiacious
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This is when fungi have an absence of color.
hyaline
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Battery recommendations for growth of fungi is with or without ________, with or without __________, and antibacterial agents.
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What size culture tubes are recommended for growth of fungi?
large culture tubes (150x25mm)
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What are three advantages of large culture tubes?
- easily stored, less space
- easily handeled, less hazardous
- lower dehydration
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What are two disadvantages of large culture tubes?
- poor isolation
- reduced surface for growth
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______ plugged tubes are unsatisfactory for growth of fungi.
cotton
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what are three advantages of petri-dishes for growth of fungi?
- provide larger surface of growth
- mixed culture easier to separate
- provide maximum aeration
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what are two disadvantages of petri-dishes for growth of fungi?
- tendency to dehydrate during incubation
- hazardous for cultivation of certain systemic mycoses
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What are the three systemic mycoses that are hazardous for cultivation on petri-dishes?
- histoplasma
- blastomyces
- coccidioides
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what is the BHI agar used for primary recovery of fungi?
BHI agar w/out and with antibiotics
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What are the two antibiotics added to make media selective for fungi?
- Chlorampenicol
- Cycloheximide
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What is the broad spectrum, bacteriostatic antibiotic used to make media selective for fungi?
Chloramphenicol
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What is the inhibitory antibiotic that also inhibits saprophytic fungi?
cycloheximide
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mold/fungi should be incubated at what temperature on the BHI agar?
20oC
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yeast should be incubated at what temperature on the BHI agar?
350C
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BHI agar is used for recovery of _________ and _________ fungi.
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SABHI agar is used for isolation of significant fungi from __________ specimen (i.e. sputum)
mixed flora
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SABHI agar is used for isolation of _________ and pathogenic fungi.
saprobic
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This fungus selection agar is also used for isolation from specimen with normal flora for _________.
dermatophytes
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this medium is selective for dermatophytes for screening purposes only.
dermatophyte test medium (DTM)
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Dermatophytes infect what three parts of the body?
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this agar is used for nutritionally deficient C. albicans which produce chlamydospores.
corn meal agar
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This agar is used for differential ID of aspergillus species.
Czapek's agar
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All mold cultures and clinical specimens must be handled in what class BSC?
class II
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Spore and hyphae stain gram ________.
positive
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Candida albicans appear as what color in grams stain?
black
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what percent KOH is used for direct microscopic examination of fungi?
40%
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this is used for demonstrating fungal hyphae and spores in clinical material.
Potassium hydroxide (KOH)
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KOH clears opaque material and hydrolyzes the _________ in epithelium.
keratin
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This is used to detect mycoses in infected hairs by fluorescing a bright, yellow-green light
Wood's black light
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before using a wood's black light the affected skin should be washed with what?
70% isopropanol
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_____ may accelerate clearing process in KOH (may be overdone).
heat
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under KOH examination hyphae demonstrate what?
uniformity in size and symmetry
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these appear as branching hyphae, occasional arthrospores in KOH.
dermatophyte
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These appear as short, stubby hyphal elements and grape-like clusters of spores in KOH.
Tinea versicolor
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This appears as pseudohyphaer and chlamydospores/blastospores in KOH.
Candida
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Hyphae do not grow __________ (e.g. sharp acute or right angles)
geometrically
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Fungal morphology using ______ mounts is the basis of textbook descriptions of fungi.
LCB
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This stain, used for fungi, is fungicidal and sporicidal
Lactophenol Cotton Blue (LCB) stain
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Fungal mycelium and fruiting structures take on what color in the LCB stain?
delicate light blue color
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What are the two types of negative stains?
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Negative stain is routinely utilized for staining what?
CSF
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Negative stain demonstrate large capsules enveloping bastospres of what organism?
Cryptococcus neoformans
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The germ tube test is used to ID what organism?
Candida albicans
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What is the reagent used in the germ tube test?
0.5 ml serum (human, rabbit, bovine)
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the germ tube test should be incubated for how long at 35oC.
2 hours
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the germ tube test is not valid if examined after __ hours.
2
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in this test yeast species are differentiated based on carbon and nitrogen usage.
Yeast assimilation test
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if the yeast assimilation test is positive it will show what?
growth or turbidity
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what are the three commercial kits used for yeast assimilation test?
- API 20C
- Vitek yeast card
- YT microplate
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This fungi test consists of an organism suspension plus carbohydrate, if positive it will show gas bubbles.
yeast fermentation test
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This test is rarely used because it has a long incubation and has been replaced with the assimilation test, used as a backup.
Yeat fermentation test.
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this test was designed for microscopic examination of fungi in its natural state, dermatophytes only.
Slide technique
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What are the two materials used in the slide technique for fungi?
- SAB-DEX medium
- Long coverslip (sterile)
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What is the fungi stain used for the slide culture procedure?
LCB stain
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This fungi procedure uses dissecting needles or pointed applicator sticks to dig out small portion of colony to be examined and tease it apart.
tease mount
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doing this to colonies disrupts delicate fruiting structures of filamentous molds.
teasing
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This fungi preparation is better suited to preserve spore arrangements, especially delicate filamentous molds.
scotch tape preparation
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The scotch tape prepartion procedure can be used from what two sources.
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the scotch tape prepartion can be used from skin for the diagnosis of what?
tinea versicolor
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this stain is used to detect fungi and fungal elements, nocardia spp. do not stain well.
periodic acid schiff (PAS)
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This stain is used with a fluorescence microscope along with KOH. fungal elements show apple-green or blue-white fluorescence.
calcocluor white
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This type of mycoses causes superficial scaling and rarely invades depper tissues.
Cutaneous mycoses (sperficial)
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Cutaneous mycoses demonstrate __________ and _________ only.
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clinical types of cutaneous mycoses are designated by __________ binomia.
latin (tinea capitis)
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This is the most important cause of tinea capitis in school children.
Microsporum audounii
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This is spread by direct contact with infected haris on caps, hats, combs, clippers, causes hair to fluoresce.
Tinea capitis
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This causes an inflammatory Tinea capitis, zoophilic, ususally acquired from puppies and kittens.
Microsporum canis
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This is the most common species of fungi isolated, causes T. barbae, T. capitis, T. corporis, T. pedis, and onychomycosis.
Trichophyton mentagrophytes
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This is the second most common fungal species isolated, causes T. pedis, T. corporis, T. cruris, onychromycosis.
Trichophyton rubrum
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This is the causative organism of Tinea versicolor.
Malassezia furfur
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This causes T. corporis and T. capitis recovered from hair and skin.
Microsporum gypseum
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This organism is associdated with tinea cruris and Tinea pedis.
epidermophyton flocossum
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This organism is associated with cutaneous candidiasis/moniliasis, systemic dx in immune compromised, and Thrush.
Candida albicans
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this type of mycoses is caused by fungi inhabiting soil/decaying vegetation, usually induced by trauma. Some individuals predisposed to systemic infections.
Subcutaneous mycoses
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This organism is hazardous to gardeners, florists, causes sporotrichosis or "rose gardener's dx"
Sporothrix schenckii
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This type of mycoses is soid fungi involved, and causes infections due to inhalation of spores, disseminated forms invade organs.
Systemic (deep) mycoses
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This is the causative organism of coccidiomycosis or "Valley fever".
Coccidioides immitis
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This is the causative organism of histoplasmosis, or "Spelunker's dx," found in bat and pigeon droppings.
Histoplasma capsulatum
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This organims is often confused with Leishmania because it has a similar morphology and found in RE system.
Histoplasma capsulatum
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This organism causes blastomycosis.
Blastomyces dermatitidis
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This organism causes paracoccidiomycosis.
Paracoccidoides brasiliensis
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These are nonpathogenic fungus that cause subcutaneous and disseminated infection in immunosuppressed or debilitated patients.
opportunistic mycoses
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What is the treatment for opportunistic mycoses?
- corticosteroids
- cytotoxic drugs
- antimicrobials
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This is an opportunistic mycoses that produces large, ribbon-like hyphae, ID by presence/absence of rhizoids, structure and position.
Zygomycetes
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What are the three commonly encountered zygomycetes?
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this opportunistic mycoses caues cryptococcosis.
cryptococcus neoformans
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This opportunistic mycoses causes aspergillosis, and is the most frequently encountered fungus in the lab.
Aspergillus
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What is the most common species of Aspergillus?
A. fumigatus
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this opportunistic mycoses is isolated from mucocutaneous infection to disseminated infection.
penicillium marneffei
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