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Hofstede's five cultural dimensions:
- Individualism - Collectivism
- Masculinity - Femininity
- Power Distance
- Uncertainty Avoidance
- Time Orientation
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The fifth added dimension (time orientation)
- the degree to which members of a natural culture will defer gratification to acheive long term success
- polychronic vs monochronic => one matter at a time
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Criticisms of Hofstedes cultural dimensions
- country specific results
- research conducted in 80s
- not all v.a.b's can be attributed to these dimensions
- danger of stereotyping
- western construct applied internationally
- potential conflicts between dimensions
- elements of business conduct applied to everyday conduct
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What is high context and low context
- Describes the social framework in which individuals act
- High context:
- - importance of relationships
- - communication is less direct
- Low context:
- - relies more on explicit communication
- - task is more important than the relationship
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High context culture characteristics
- relies on implicit communication
- emphasises nonverbal communication
- subordinates tasks to relationships
- emphasises collective intitiative and decision-making
- views employer/employee relationship as humanistic
- relies on intuition or trust rather than facts and statistics
- prefers indirect style in writing and speaking
- favours circular or indirect reasoning
- adheres to the spirit of the law
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Low context culture characteristics
- relies on explicit (literal) communication
- emphasises verbal communication over nonverbal
- separetes job tasks from relationships
- emphasises individual initiative and decision-making
- views employer/employee relationship as mechanistic
- relies on facts, statistics and other details of supporting evidence
- uses direct style in writing and speaking
- prefers linear reasoning
- adheres to the letter of the law
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