MedT Ch. 10

Functions of Brain

Thinking, personality, sensations, movements, memory

Functions of Brain

Relay station ("triage center") for sensory impulses; control of awareness and consciousness

Functions of Brain

Body temperature, sleep, appetite, emotions, control of pituitary gland

Functions of Brain

Coordination of voluntary movements and balance

Functions of Brain

Connection of nerves (to the eyes and face)

Functions of Brain

Nerve fibers cross over, left to right and right to left; contains centers to regulate heart, blood vessels, and respiratory system

neurotransmitter chemcial released at ends of nerve cells

carries messages toward brain and spinal cord

middle layer of the 3 membranes (meninges) that surround the brain and spinal cord

type of glial cell that transports water and salts from capillaries

nerves that control involuntary body functions of muscles, glands, and internal organs

microscopic fiber that carries the nervous impulse along a nerve cell

blood vessles (capillaries) that selectively let certain substances enter the brain tissue and keep other substances out

lower portion of the brain that connects the cerebrum with the spinal cord (includes pons and medulla oblongata)

collection of spinal nerves below the end of the spinal cord

part of a nerve cell that contains the nucleus

brain and spinal cord

outer region of the cerebrum, containing sheets of nerve cells; gray matter of the brain

circulates throughout the brain and spinal cord

twelve pairs of nerves that carry messages to and from the brain with regard to the head and neck (except the vagus nerve)

microscopic branching fiber of a nerve cell that is the first part to receive the nervous impulse

thick, outermost layer of the meninges surrounding and protecting the brain and spinal cord

carries messages away from the brain and spinal cord; motor nerve

glial cell that lines membraines within the brain and spinal cord and helps form cerebrospinal fluid

collection of nerve cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system

supportive and connective nerve cell that does not carry nervous impulses

sheet of nerve cells that produces a rounded ridge on the surface of the cerebral cortex; convolution

three protective membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord

phagocytic glial cell that removes waste products from teh central nervous system

carries messages away from the brain and spinal cord to muscles and organs; efferent nerve

covering of white fatty tissue that surrounds and insulates the axon of a nerve cell; speeds impulse conduction along axons

macroscopic cord-like collection of fibers (axons and dendrites) that carry electrical impulses

nerve cell that carries impulses throughout the body

chemical messenger released at the end of a nerve cell; stimulates or inhibits another cell

glial cell that forms the myelin sheath covering axons

involuntary, autonomic nerves that regulate normal body functions such as heart rate, breathing, and muscles of the gastrointestinal tract

essential, distinguishing tissue of any organ or system; of nervous system includes: brain, spinal cord, and neurons

nerves outside the brain and spinal cord; cranial, spinal, and autonomic nerves

thin, delicate inner membrane of the meninges

large, interlacing network of nerves

organ that receives a nervous stimulus and passes it on to afferent nerves

nerves extending from the base of the spine down the thigh, lower leg, and foot

carries messages toward the brain and spinal cord from a receptor; afferent nerve

31 pairs of nerves arising from the spinal cord

agent of change (light, sound, touch) in the internal or external environment that evokes a response

connective and supporting tissue of an organ (glial cells to brain)

depression or groove in the surface of the cerebral cortex; fissure

autonomic nerves that influence bodily functions involuntarily in times of stress

space through which a nervous impulse travels between nerve cells or between nerve and muscle or glandular cells

tenth cranial nerve (cranial nerve X); its branches reach to the larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, aorta, esophagus, and stomach

canals in the brain that contain cerebrospinal fluid

cerebell/o

cerebr/o

dur/o

encephal/o

gli/o

lept/o

mening/o, meningi/o

my/o

myel/o

neur/o

pont/o

radicul/o

thalam/o

thec/o

vag/o

alges/o, -algesia

-algia

caus/o

comat/o

esthesi/o, -esthesia

kines/o, kinesi/o, -kinesia, -kinesis, -kinetic

-lepsy

lex/o

-paresis

-phasia

-plegia

-praxia

-sthenia

syncop/o

tax/o

abnormal accumulation of fluid (CSF) in the brain

congenital defects in the lumbar spinal column caused by imperfect union of vertebral parts (neural tube defect)

vertebral defect is covered with skin and evident only on x-ray

more severe form of spina bifida with cyst-like protrusions

spina bifida case where the meninges protrudes to the outside of the body

both spinal cord and meninges protrude outside of the body (form of spina bifida)

brain disorder marked by gradual and progressive mental deterioration (dementia), personality changes, and impairment of daily functioning

degenerative disorder or motor neurons in the spinal cord and brainstem

chronic brain disorder characterized by recurrent seizure activity

seizures characterized by a sudden loss of consciousness, falling down, and then tonic contractions (stiffening of muscles) followed by clonic contractions (twitching and jerking movements of limbs)

minor form of seizure consisting of momentary clouding of consciousness and loss of awareness of the person's surroundings

seizures that begin in the temporal lobe of the brain

most common type of seizure; cause a person to pause in whatever they are doing, become confused, and have memory problems

hereditary disorder marked by degenerative changes in teh cerebrum leading to abrupt involuntary movements and mental deterioration

destruction of the myelin sheath on neurons in the CNS and its replacement by plaques of sclerotic (hard) tissue

autoimmune neuromuscular disorder characterized by weakness of voluntary muscles

paralysis (partial or complete loss of motor function)

degeneration of neurons in the basal ganglia, occurring in later life and leading to tremors, weakness of muscles, and slowness of movement

involuntary, spasmodic, twitching movements; uncontrollable vocal sounds; and inappropriate words

viral infection affecting peripheral nerves

inflammation of the meninges; leptomeningitis

brain disease and dementia occurring with AIDS

abnormal growth of brain tissue and meninges

temporary brain dysfunction (brief loss of consciousness) after injury, usually clearing within 24 hours

bruising of brain tissue as a result of direct trauma to the head; neurologic deficits persist longer than 24 hours

disruption in the normal blood supply to the brain; stroke

type of stroke; blood clot (thrombus) in arteries leading to brain resulting in occlusion of the vessel

type of stroke; an embolus (dislodged thrombus) travels to cerebral arteries and occludes a small vessel

type of stroke; a blood vessel breaks and bleeding occurs

severe, recurring, unilateral, vascular headache

enlarged, weakened area in an arterial wall, which may rupture, leading to hemorrhage and CVA

malignant tumor of stroctyes (glial brain cells)

peculiar symptom or sensation occurring before the onset (prodomal) of an attack of migraine or an epileptic seizure

CNS neurotransmitter (deficient in Parkinson disease)

relieving symptoms but not curing them

removal of the thymus gland (a lymphocyte-producing gland in the chest); used as treatment for myasthenia gravis

samples of CSF are examined

x-ray imaging of the arterial blood vessel in the brain after injection of contrast material

x-ray technique that generates computerized multiple images of the brain and spinal cord

x-ray imgaing of the spinal canal after injection of contrast medium into the subarachnoid space

magnetic field and pulses of radiowave energy create images of the brain and spinal cord

radioactive glucose is injected and then detected in the brain to image the metabolic activity of the cells

sound waves detect blood flow in the carotid and intracranial arteries

recording of the electrical activity of the brain

CSF is withdrawn from between two lumbar vertebrae for analysis

use of a specialized instrument to locate and treat targets in the brain