-
What is the average % water in an adult male/ adult female
While the % varies with % fat the average for a male is 53% and the average for a female is 45%
-
What What percent of lean body mass is water?
60% in adults and 75% in newborns
-
What percent of fat is water?
10% of fat is water
-
Why is the low percentage of fat in water important?
Because fat doesn't need much water to store a lot of energy
-
What % of the water in LBM is intracellular fluid?
40%
-
What percentage of LBM is interstitial fluid?
16%
-
What percentage of LBM is plasma?
4%
-
Define transcellular fluid and give 3 examples
- Transcellular fluid is fluid that is surrounded by an epithelium (as opposed to plasma which is surrounded by an endothelium)
- examples: CSF, intraocular, bladder, gut, etc.
-
What are the components of extracellular fluid and what % of the water in LBM do they make up
- The components are interstitial fluid, plasma, and transcellular fluid
- the make up 20% of the water in LBM
-
What is the maximum % of fat in a moblie human?
55%
-
How does a high % body fat affect resistance in the cardiovascular system?
For every pound of fat you add a mile of capillaries. capillaries are in parallel so they lower the resistance of the system
-
What is the daily intake of water through drinking?
500-1600 ml/day
-
What is the daily water intake due to food water?
800-1000 ml/day
-
What is the daily water intake due to water of oxidation?
200-400 ml/day
-
What is the maximum amount of water due to drinking that a human can consume in a day?
20 L
-
How much water do you get from oxidation of 100g of fat?
100g of water
-
How much water of oxidation do you get from 100g of carbs?
60g
-
How much water of oxidation do you get from 100g of protein?
45g
-
How do desert animals satisfy there daily water intake needs?
They get their water from their food and water of oxidation
-
What is the daily output of water through urine?
500-1600 ml/day
-
What is the daily water output through evaporation?
800-1000 ml/day
-
What is the daily output of water in feces?
200-400 ml/day
-
What is the minimum amount of daily water output in urine and why?
500-600 ml/day is the min. amount of urine that can remove metabolic nitrogen from the system in the form of urea and creatinine
-
Why are people with renal failure put on a low protein diet?
the low protein diet lowers nitrogen so their min. urine output is lower.
-
How is water balance adjusted in the short term?
ADH and free-water excretion
-
How are adjustmens to water balance made in the long term?
- In two stages, sodium chloride balance then ADH
- "where goes the salt so goes the water"
-
What are the functions of the kidney? (there are 7)
- water balance
- electrolyte balance
- nitrogen excretion
- excretion of non-volatile acid and base
- excretion of foreign compounds
- erythropoietin (hormone) secretion
- activation of vitamin D
-
What makes kidney function so impressive?
That it maintains all of its functions with limited and intermittent access to water and electrolytes
-
What is the most important renal function?
water balance
-
What is the process of nonsoluble comound excretion?
Nonsoluble compounds go to the liver to be conjugated then excreted by the kidney
-
Label the adrenal, renal artery, renal vein, hilus, kidney, renal pelvis, ureters, ureteral orifices, bladder, urethra and external urethral orifice
-
How many nephrons are in a human kidney?
1-1.25 million/kidney
-
What are the vascular structures in a nephron in order?
- afferent arteriole
- glomerulus
- efferent arteriole
- peritubular capillaries
- vasa recta
-
what are the tubular structures of a nephron in order?
- Bowman's capsule
- proximal tubule (covoluted and straight)
- thin descending limb of Henle
- thin ascending limb of Henle
- thick ascending limb of Henle
- distal tublule and connecting tubule
- collecting duct
-
Where aer the vascular structures and tubular structures?
In the renal corpuscle and the juxtaglomerular apparatus
-
What are the features of cortical nephrons?
- glomerulus in outer cortex
- no thin descending limb of Henle
- can't concentrate urine
- 85% of all nephrons
-
What are the features of a juxtamedullary (JG) nephrons?
- glomerulus near medulla
- long thin limb of Henle
- concentrated uring
- 15% of all nephrons
-
What 2 factors determine ability to concentrate urine?
- # of JG nephrons
- length of thin limb of Henle
-
What types of cells are in the proximal tublue
3 types (S1-S3 ) at different locations, become less complex
-
What cell types are present in the connecting tubule?
connecting tubule cells and intercalated cells
-
What cells types are in the cortical collecting duct?
principle and intercalated
-
What is the major cell type in the cortical collecting duct?
Principles cells
-
What are the 2 types of intercalated cells and what are the differences between them?
- alpha: most common in normal kidney, acid regulation
- beta: base regulation, most common if you eat a lot of tums
-
What are the three renal processes?
- filtration
- reabsorbtion
- secretion
-
Which of the three renal processes is passive?
filtration
-
Define excretion
the net outcome of all three renal processes (it's what is lost in urine)
-
Where does filtration take place?
All filtration occurs in the renal corpuscule- out of the glomerular capilaries into Bowman's space
-
What is the function of the negative charge in the renal corpuscule?
The negative charge prevents the loss of albumin which also has a negative charge
-
What are podocytes and what is there function?
- They are cells that wrap around the glomerulous to create a size restriction (65 kda, the size of albumin) for molecules being filtered
- they also prevent the capilaries from distending
-
What is the capilary oncotic pressure in the glomerulus?
25
-
What is the tubular oncotic pressure in Bownan's space
effectively 0
-
What is the capilary hydraulic pressure in the glomerulous?
55
-
What is the hydraulic pressure in Bowman's space?
10
-
What does GFR stand for?
glomerular filtration rate
-
How can capillary hydraulic pressure be increased?
- dilating the afferent glomerular arteriole
- constricting the efferent glomerular arteriole
- increasing arterial blood pressure
|
|