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The Enlightenment
Outlook that stressed the power of humanity, through the application of reason, to understand and improve its condition, and the power of the individual, granted sufficient liberty, to use reason in pursuit self-fulfillment.
Rousseau: "man was born free" "natural law"
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Empfindsamkeit
German for "sensibility" used by some music historians to identify an aesthetic attitude prevalent in the mid 18th cent and reflected in much music of that time.
Focuses on detail and avoids thick textures and grandiose gestures.
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Empfindsam Style
"sensitive"
Pleases the public
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Galant Style
"amiable" or "pleasant"
Idea that others must come first.
Needs of the audience come before the needs of the composer.
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Jean-Jacques Rousseau
coined phrase "Natural Law"
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La serva padrona
Intermezzo
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Opera Seria
Became an international genre which everyone country embraced except France.
- "Serious Opera"
- Musical Characteristics included:
- *strict division between recitative and aria
- *an emphasis on virtuoso singing, particulary in da capo arias
- *use of castrati
- *librettos drawn from ancient history or mythology
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Pietro Metastasio (1698-1782)
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Da Capo Aria
ABA form
- Opera consisting of 3 sections.
- A section, constrasting B section, and a return of the A section.
In performance singers were expected to embellish and elaborate the notated music in the return of section A.
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Opera Reform
Challenged Opera Seria
New take on Opera
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Christoph Willibald Gluck
Challenged Opera Seria. Wanted a fusion of the best of French, German and Italian Opera.
- *got rid of Da Capo Aria
- *borrowed seriousness from France & the importance of the orchestra
- * dancing MUST be a part of the story
- *incorporated choruses
- *orchestra much more integral
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Heinrich Cristoph Koch
established Sonata Form (2 part form)
- Binary- 1 period (tonic), 2 period (dominant)
- Ternary- (exposition-development-recapitulation)
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Johann Stamitz
violinist and composer of symphonies
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Mannheim
place to help foster the international success of symphony orchestras
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Charles Burney
observed that fingerings and bowings were uniform with the Mannheim orchestra
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Sonata Form
tells a story
- musical structure found in instrumental works
- (Expo-dev-recap)
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Domenico Scarlatti
- wrote 555 sonatas
- worked for Princess of Portugal
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CPE Bach
keyboard specialist
worked for Frederick the Great, the King of Prussia
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Frederick the Great
King of Prussia, patron of CPE Bach
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Giovanni Sammartini
- wrote symphonies not meant to be played before Operas.
- supported the Sinfonia as a public concert/forum.
- *sinfonia- fast-slow-fast
- Hammer strokes-loud chords in the opening.
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Johann Christian Bach
- youngest son of JS Bach
- very influential on young Mozart
- influential on writing first piano concertos
- based on Galant style
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Count Von Morzin
- Joseph Hadyn wrote 5 sym's for him
- haydn found 1st steady work as a composer
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Maria Anna Keller
- Joseph Hadyn's wife
- was in love with her sister
"Like water for chocolate" storyline
Sister was going into clergy
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Paul Anton Esterhazy
- Convinced count Morzin to release Haydn so Hadyn could work for him.
- Haydn wrote Morning, Noon, and Evening symp's for him.
patron of Haydn for 2 years
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Nicholas Esterhazy
patron of Haydn
Major music enthusiast
baryton-ist
Haydn wrote over 100 pieces for the baryton
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Esterhaza
Estate that Nicholas built
numberous music rooms, one for public performance and one for Nicholas. modeled after Versailles.
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Baryton
string instrument
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Leopold Mozart
Father of W.A Mozart
Kleinmeister Composer (overshadowed by his contemporray)
Archbishop of Salzburg
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Subscription Concerts
1/2 paid for by noblemen, rest paid by concert goers
Mozart performed these
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Lorenzo Da Ponte
Italian poet and librettist
wrote libretto for 28 operas
Marriage of Figaro is the most famous
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French Revolution
French citizens led by Napoleon Bonaparte, were fed up with the extravagant lifestyle of King Louis XV and Marie Antoinette.
Revolutionaries killed royal family around 1792.
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Napoleon Bonaparte
savior of French Revolution.
Artillery officer who overthrew Italy and German royalty.
Exporter of Revolutionary ideals
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The Industrial Revolution
invention of steam engine,
Impact the Industrial Revolution had on music:
- Manufatoring:
- *more sturdy pianos (made with reinforced steel) made in factories
- *more leisure time because machines were more efficient meant more time for concerts
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Maximilian Franz, elector of Cologne
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Prince Karl von Lichnowsky
Patron of Beethoven
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The Heiligenstadt Testament
letter Beethoven wrote to his brothers where he says that he wants to commit suicide because he was going deaf, however stated that his "art" would not allow him to die.
"art as a savior"
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Prince Franz Joseph con Lobkowitz
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Fidelio
Rescue Opera
- Included spoken dialogue vs recitative
- Plot: set in the Netherlands
- Leonora must recuse her husband from jail to save society.
Cultivated revolutionary style in his music.
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Rescue Opera
Opera with a plot of rescuing a heroic figure
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Count Metternich
architect of European council?
- led to a peaceful Europe.
- anti-democratic values.
- Spied on Beethoven (he was seen as a dangerous politcal figure)
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