The flashcards below were created by user
RubyRose
on FreezingBlue Flashcards.
-
Name three metabolic byproducts that are excreted via the urinary system.
-
What is the byproduct of amino acid metabolism?
Urea
-
What is the byproduct of the breakdown of nucleotides?
Uric acid
-
What is the byproduct of the breakdown of creatine phosphate? It serves as a clinical marker for kidney function.
Creatinine
-
What is formed when ammonia from the liver combines with carbon dioxide?
Urea
-
What is caused by the buildup of uric acid in joints?
Gout
-
What are 3 important functions of the urinary system?
- Excretion of metabolic wastes
- Maintenance of water salt balance (homeostasis)
- Secretion of hormones
-
T or F? Salts prevent osmosis into the blood.
F. Salts cause osmosis into the blood.
-
T or F? The more water in the blood, the higher the blood pressure.
T.
-
What organ plays a role in blood pressure regulation through water and salt regulation?
Kidney
-
To maintain the water salt balance, there is an excretion of what ions? And reabsorption of what?
-
What is normal urine pH?
About 6, ranges from 4.5 to 8
-
The kidneys are involved in the secretion of these two hormones.
-
What hormone is released from the adrenals following the secretion of renin?
Aldosterone
-
Erythropoetin stimulates red blood cell production and activates what vitamin?
D (for calcium absorption)
-
The release of aldosterone from the adrenals leads to the reabsorption of what ions?
Sodium
-
Where are the kidneys located?
Lumbar region behind the peritoneum
-
Where are the renal artery and vein located?
Hilus or hilum
-
What is the path of the urinary system once urine is produced in the kidneys?
- Transported through the ureters,
- Stored in the urinary bladder,
- Passed through the urethra.
-
What urinary organ conducts urine from the kidney to the bladder?
Ureters
-
What are the three layers of the ureters wall?
- Mucosa
- Smooth muscle
- Outer connective tissue
-
How is urine conveyed by the ureters?
Peristalsis
-
What urinary organ stores urine?
Urinary bladder
-
The wall of the urinary bladder is made up of this unique type of muscle.
Detrusor
-
What three openings are found in the trigone region?
- 2 orifice of ureter
- Urethra
-
What layers are responsible for the expandability of the urinary bladder?
- Middle layer of circular
- Layers of longitudinal muscle
-
What type of cells line the urinary bladder?
Transitional epithelium
-
T or F? The bladder neck contains 2 sphincters, the internal and external.
True
-
T or F? The internal sphincter is involuntary and made of smooth muscle.
True
-
What external sphincter is made of what type of muscle?
Skeletal
-
What is the length of the male urethra? The female urethra?
-
The male urethra is surrounded by what gland?
Prostate
-
Stretch receptors in the wall of the bladder send impulses when the bladder fills to how many ml?
250 ml
-
When the bladder contracts, what occurs?
Micturition or urination
-
What is the functional unit of the kidneys?
Nephron
-
How many nephrons are found in the kidney?
Appx. 1 million
-
A nephron is composed of a system of what?
Tubules
-
What are the specialized capillaries of a nephron?
Glomerulus
-
What is the flow of blood from the renal artery to the renal vein?
- Renal artery
- Segmental artery
- Interlobar artery
- Arcuate artery
- Cortical radiate artery
- Afferent arteriole into glomerulus, efferent out
- Peritubular capillaries
- Cortical radiate vein
- Arcuate vein
- Interlobar vein
- Renal vein (to inf. vena cava)
-
The kidneys use what percent of the total cardiac output each minute?
25
-
How many segmental arteries branch from the renal artery?
5
-
Each segmental artery branches to form these arteries.
Interlobar
-
At which point do interlobar arteries branch into arcuate arteries?
At the medulla cortex junction
-
What arteries arch over the medullary pyramids?
Arcuate arteries
-
What arteries radiate outward from arcuate arteries to supply the cortical tissue?
Cortical radiate arteries
-
T or F? About 75 percent of the blood entering the kidney perfuses the renal cortex.
False. More than 90 percent.
-
Is most of the urine collected in the cortical or medullary region of the kidney?
Medullary
-
Where is urine dumped before travelling down the ureter?
Renal pelvis
-
What is the variable network of autonomic nerve fibers and ganglia that supplies the kidneys?
Renal plexus
-
The renal plexus is largely supplied by the sympathetic fibers of which nerves?
Thoracic and lumbar splanchic nerves which run along the renal artery.
-
Sympathetic vasomotor fibers regulate renal blood flow by adjusting what?
Diameter of renal arterioles
-
The urine forming role of the nephrons is controlled by sympathetic or parasympathetic vasomotor fibers?
Sympathetic
-
What is the cuplike structure of a nephron?
Bowman�s capsule, glomerular capsule, or glomerulus
-
What can be found on the inner layer of Bowman�s capsule?
Podocytes
-
Podocytes enable a glomerulus to do what?
Cling to glomerular capillaries
-
Once waste material is absorbed in the glomerulus, where does it travel?
Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)
-
What is the cell structure of the epithelium that lines the PCT?
Cuboidal with microvilli
-
The convolutions of the PCT increase this for absorption.
Surface area
-
This U shaped tube can be found in 20 percent of nephrons.
Loop of Henle
-
The loop of Henle is composed of what type of epithelium?
Simple squamous
-
The distal convoluted tubule (DCT) differs from the PCT in its lack of what?
Microvilli
-
T or F? DCTs of several nephrons enter one collecting duct.
True
-
What parts of a nephron lie in the renal medulla?
Long loops of Henle
-
These are enlarged, smooth muscle cells that have prominent secretory granules that contain renin, and are found in the arteriole wall.
Granular cells or juxtaglomerular cells
-
Granular cells are this type of receptors that sense the blood pressure in the afferent arteriole.
Mechanoreceptors
-
The macula densa, or tightly packed cells, are chemoreceptors that respond to the changes in the content of what?
NaCl
-
What 2 cell populations of the juxtaglomerular apparatus play important roles in regulating the rate of filtrate formation and systemic blood pressure?
Granular and macula densa
-
Nephrons are found in collections in the kidney known as what?
Pyramids
-
What pigment in urine is a byproduct of the destruction of hemoglobin?
Urochrome
-
How much urine is voided daily?
1500 ml
-
Cloudy urine may be an indication of what?
UTI
-
Why does urine develop an ammonia odor if allowed to stand?
Bacteria metabolizes the urea
-
How many L of fluid is processed by the kidney per day?
180 L
-
Of the 180 L of fluid processed by the kidneys, how many L leave the body as urine?
1.5 L
-
What are the 3 major processes in urine formation and the adjustment of blood composition?
- Glomerular filtration by the glomeruli
- Tubular reabsorption
- Tubular secretion in the renal tubules
-
What process filters water, nitrogenous wastes, and salts (ions) during urine formation?
Glomerular filtration
-
What 4 substances are reabsorbed by nephrons (glomerular filtration)?
- Water (99 percent reabsorption)
- Sodium (99.5)
- Glucose (100)
- Urea (44)
-
What is composed of the same substances as blood plasma but lack the cells and large plasma proteins?
Glomerular filtrate
-
80 percent of filtrate (most water, nutrients, and required salts) is absorbed in the PCT through which process?
Tubular reabsorption
-
How is sodium reabsorbed during tubular reabsorption? Chloride? Water?
- Active transport
- Passive transport
- Osmosis
-
T or F? Urine contains filtered substances that have not been reabsorbed and substances that have been actively secreted.
True
-
Name 3 things that can affect the regulatory functions of the kidneys.
-
Alcohol inhibits the antidiuretic hormone secreted by which glands?
Posterior pituitary
-
This substance increases glomerular filtration rate and decreases tubular reabsorption of sodium.
Caffeine
-
This substance increases the flow of urine and many inhibit active transport of sodium at loop of Henle or DCT.
Diuretic
-
Kidneys reabsorb bicarbonate ions and excrete hydrogen ions, helping regulate what?
pH homeostasis
-
What is the only organ that can remove acids and bases?
Kidney
-
What is an inflammation of the urethra?
Urethritis
-
What is an inflammation of the bladder?
Cystitis
-
What is an infection of the kidneys?
Pyelonephritis
-
What are 4 common causes of kidney stones?
- UTI
- Enlarged prostate
- pH imbalance
- Too much calcium in diet
-
What are 2 signs of kidney disease?
-
T or F? Women are three times more likely to develop bladder cancer than men and accounts for 2 percent of all cancer deaths.
False. Men are more likely to develop bladder cancer.
-
Name 3 things that have been linked to the development of bladder cancer.
- Smoking
- Exposure to industrial chemicals
- Arsenic in drinking water
-
What is a common warning sign of bladder cancer?
Blood in the urine
-
Diabetes insipidus is characterized by the excretion of large amounts of concentrated or diluted urine?
Diluted
-
Diabetes insipidus relates to which hormone or hormone receptors?
ADH
-
Acute glomerulonephritis, inflammation of glomeruli, leads to an increase or decrease or filtration membrane permeability?
Increase
-
Glomerular damage is a result of the mounting of immune responses against what?
One�s own kidney tissue
-
GN causes osmotic pressure of blood to drop, fluid seeps from the bloodstream into the tissue spaces, causing body wide what?
Edema
-
If permanent glomerular damage occurs, chronic GN ultimately results in what?
Renal failure
-
Blood is cleansed, pH is adjusted, and water and salt balance is maintained through this.
Dialysis
-
This involves selective permeability and the diffusion of dissolved molecules through a membrane.
Dialysis
-
What is the dialysis membrane in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis?
Peritoneum
-
What is the success rate of a kidney transplanted from a relative?
97 percent
|
|