Neoplasia

A "new growth" of abnormal tissue that serves no physiologic function and is independent of normal restraints on orderly growth

These cells have the ability to replicate in the absence of growth factors or they may replicate excessively in response to stimuli

What factor (environmental or genetic) is most (75-90%) neoplasia due to?

Which tissues tend to show higher rates of neoplastic transformation?

True or False:
In the majority of cases, neoplastic transformation involves somatic mutations of cellular DNA

An unmodified suffix generally denotes a benign neoplasm, whereas malignant neoplasms are modified to one of which two suffixes?

The suffix given to a neoplasm involving epithelial malignancies

A suffix given to a neoplasm involving mesenchymal or connective tissue malignancies

A malignant neoplasm of melanocytes

A malignant neoplasm of lymphoid tissue

A malignant neoplasm of supporting tissue in the CNS

A malignant tumor arising from early, partially differentiated embryonal tissue

A neoplasm which contains cells from more than one embryonic germ layer and may be benign or malignant

A non-neoplastic "tumor" that represents abnormal overgrowth or differentiation of cells native to the tissue of origin

The presence of normal tissue in an abnormal location

True or False:
Most neoplasms have the same color, texture and consistency as the surrounding normal tissue

Prefix indicating cell or tissue of origin:
Squamous?

Prefix indicating cell or tissue of origin:
Adeno--?

Prefix indicating cell or tissue of origin:
Transitional?

Prefix indicating cell or tissue of origin:
Fibro--?

Prefix indicating cell or tissue of origin:
Leiomyo--?

Prefix indicating cell or tissue of origin:
Rhabdomyo--?

Prefix indicating cell or tissue of origin:
Lipo--?

Prefix indicating cell or tissue of origin:
Chondro--?

Prefix indicating cell or tissue of origin:
Osteo--?

Prefix indicating cell or tissue of origin:
Hemangio--?

Prefix indicating cell or tissue of origin:
Lymphangio--?

Prefixes Indicating Gross Features:
Scirrhous?

Prefixes Indicating Gross Features:
Medullary

Prefixes Indicating Gross Features:
Colloid

Prefixes Indicating Gross Features:
Cystic

Prefixes Indicating Architectural Growth Pattern:
Follicular

Prefixes Indicating Architectural Growth Pattern:
Cyst

Prefixes Indicating Architectural Growth Pattern:
Papillary

Prefixes Indicating Architectural Growth Pattern:
Villous

Prefixes Indicating Architectural Growth Pattern:
Cribriform

Benign neoplastic cells resemble the normal morphology of the cell of origin. What are malignant neoplastic cells characterized by (7)?

Lack of differentiation

This refers to the extent to which neoplastic cells resemble their cell of origin histologically

True or False:
Cells of benign neoplasms are well differentiated, have a normal number of chromosomes, and retain functional capabilities

True or False:
Malignant cells show abnormalities in the number and structure of chromosomes and, within the same tumor, may vary from complete lack of differentiation to well differentiated

Compare the growth rate of benign vs malignant neoplasms

Which type of neoplastic cells, benign or malignant, grow by expansion and tend to compress the surrounding tissue into a "capsule" that separates the tumor from normal tissue?

Which type of neoplastic cell, benign or malignant, grow by infiltration and invasion of the surrounding tissue and are not confined by a capsule?

The spread of a neoplasm to points that are not contiguous with the primary lesion

The most common route of metastasis, especially of epithelial neoplasms (carcinomas). Follows the natural lymphatic drainage of the site of malignancy.

This route of metastasis is characteristic of connective tissue neoplasms (sarcomas). Carcinomas can also spread by this route, however. Invasion and metastasis are more likely to occur via the venous system (as opposed to the arterial system) due to its thin walled structure

This route of metastasis may occur with malignancies that involve coelomic surfaces

In this type of metastasis, excessive manipulation or cutting into malignant tumors may detach and carry small portions of the tumor to other sites

Excessive production of connective tissue

True or False:
Benign neoplasms are more prone to infarction, necrosis hemorrhage, ulceration, and infection

Some tumors (benign or malignant) may produce hormones or hormone-like substances that can have systemic effects known as ______?

True or False:
The carcinogenicity of various chemical agents appears to be dose dependent so that multiple fractional doses over time have the same transforming potential as a comparable one-time dose

When two or more different chemicals act synergistically to induce cell transformation is is called _____?

How are most known carcinogens metabolized?

What are the four steps of transformation of a normal cell to a neoplastic cell?

This may directly ionize critical cellular macromolecules or interact with cellular water to produce free radicals that mediate cellular damage by breaking or altering chemical bonds. Its ability to induce neoplastic transformation appears to correlate best with its ability to induce genetic mutation within the cell

Through the process of transduction and insertional mutagenesis, these may directly rearrange the structure or alter the expression of the host cell genome. In order to be transformed the host cell must survive and be able to reproduce.

What are the major features of neoplastic cells (8)?

True or False:
Most tumors are of monoclonal origin i.e., a single cell from normal or preneoplastic tissue becomes neoplastic at a specific layer of differentiation and the clonal derivatives of that cell produces the neoplasm

The proportion of cells within a tumor population that are in the proliferating pool. The rate of tumor growth depends upon this and the degree of imbalance between cell production and cell loss. This has a profound effect upon a tumor's susceptibility to chemo. High = most vulnerable to cancer drugs

These factors, which induce fibrinogen and various substances produced by the tumor cells, promote and control the neovascularization of the expanding cell mass. The neovasculature tends to be abnormal due to loose endothelial junctions

True or False:
A greater degree of angiogenesis within a tumor is correlated with a more aggressive behavior and poorer prognosis

Clumps of ______ tumor cells appear more effective at producing metastases than either single cells or multiple clumps

True or False:
Fewer than one in a thousand tumor cells released into the bloodstream will ultimately metastasize

The lower the grade, the _______ the prognosis