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julieaburch
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A "new growth" of abnormal tissue that serves no physiologic function and is independent of normal restraints on orderly growth
Neoplasia
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These cells have the ability to replicate in the absence of growth factors or they may replicate excessively in response to stimuli
Neoplastic Cells
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What factor (environmental or genetic) is most (75-90%) neoplasia due to?
Environmental
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Which tissues tend to show higher rates of neoplastic transformation?
Tissues most directly exposed to the enviroment
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True or False:
In the majority of cases, neoplastic transformation involves somatic mutations of cellular DNA
True
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An unmodified suffix generally denotes a benign neoplasm, whereas malignant neoplasms are modified to one of which two suffixes?
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The suffix given to a neoplasm involving epithelial malignancies
Carcinoma
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A suffix given to a neoplasm involving mesenchymal or connective tissue malignancies
Sarcoma
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A malignant neoplasm of melanocytes
Melanoma
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A malignant neoplasm of lymphoid tissue
Lymphoma
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A malignant neoplasm of supporting tissue in the CNS
Glioma
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A malignant tumor arising from early, partially differentiated embryonal tissue
Blastoma
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A neoplasm which contains cells from more than one embryonic germ layer and may be benign or malignant
Teratoma
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A non-neoplastic "tumor" that represents abnormal overgrowth or differentiation of cells native to the tissue of origin
Hamartoma
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The presence of normal tissue in an abnormal location
Choristoma (or ectopic or heterotopic tissue)
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True or False:
Most neoplasms have the same color, texture and consistency as the surrounding normal tissue
False--all are different
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Prefix indicating cell or tissue of origin:
Squamous?
Squamous Epithelium
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Prefix indicating cell or tissue of origin:
Adeno--?
Glandular Epithelium
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Prefix indicating cell or tissue of origin:
Transitional?
Transitional Epithelium
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Prefix indicating cell or tissue of origin:
Fibro--?
Fibrous Connective Tissue
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Prefix indicating cell or tissue of origin:
Leiomyo--?
Smooth Muscle
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Prefix indicating cell or tissue of origin:
Rhabdomyo--?
Skeletal Muscle
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Prefix indicating cell or tissue of origin:
Lipo--?
Adipose Tissue
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Prefix indicating cell or tissue of origin:
Chondro--?
Cartilage
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Prefix indicating cell or tissue of origin:
Osteo--?
Bone
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Prefix indicating cell or tissue of origin:
Hemangio--?
Blood Vessel
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Prefix indicating cell or tissue of origin:
Lymphangio--?
Lymphatic Vessel
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Prefixes Indicating Gross Features:
Scirrhous?
Hard due to excessive production of tumor stroma
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Prefixes Indicating Gross Features:
Medullary
Soft, resembling marrow, due to scant production of tumor stroma
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Prefixes Indicating Gross Features:
Colloid
Gelatinous, mucinous
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Prefixes Indicating Gross Features:
Cystic
Fluid or gas filled spaces
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Prefixes Indicating Architectural Growth Pattern:
Follicular
Forming Follicles
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Prefixes Indicating Architectural Growth Pattern:
Cyst
Forming small, cystic spaces
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Prefixes Indicating Architectural Growth Pattern:
Papillary
Forming "nipple-like" projections
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Prefixes Indicating Architectural Growth Pattern:
Villous
Forming shaggy, "finger-like" projections
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Prefixes Indicating Architectural Growth Pattern:
Cribriform
Pierced by small holes
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Benign neoplastic cells resemble the normal morphology of the cell of origin. What are malignant neoplastic cells characterized by (7)?
- Cellular & Nuclear Pleomorphism (due to alterations in the cell cytoskeleton)
- Increased Nuclear/Cytoplasmic Ratio
- Increased Nuclear Chromatin (which is frequently "clumped" along an irregular nuclear membrane)
- Large Nucleoli
- Bizarre Mitoses
- Loss of Cellular Orientation
- Loss of Normal Functional Capacity
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Lack of differentiation
Aplasia
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This refers to the extent to which neoplastic cells resemble their cell of origin histologically
Cellular Differentiation
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True or False:
Cells of benign neoplasms are well differentiated, have a normal number of chromosomes, and retain functional capabilities
True
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True or False:
Malignant cells show abnormalities in the number and structure of chromosomes and, within the same tumor, may vary from complete lack of differentiation to well differentiated
True
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Compare the growth rate of benign vs malignant neoplasms
Benign grow slow and may regress; malignant grow more rapidly and rarely regress
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Which type of neoplastic cells, benign or malignant, grow by expansion and tend to compress the surrounding tissue into a "capsule" that separates the tumor from normal tissue?
Benign
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Which type of neoplastic cell, benign or malignant, grow by infiltration and invasion of the surrounding tissue and are not confined by a capsule?
Malignant
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The spread of a neoplasm to points that are not contiguous with the primary lesion
Metastasis
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The most common route of metastasis, especially of epithelial neoplasms (carcinomas). Follows the natural lymphatic drainage of the site of malignancy.
Lymphatic Dissemination
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This route of metastasis is characteristic of connective tissue neoplasms (sarcomas). Carcinomas can also spread by this route, however. Invasion and metastasis are more likely to occur via the venous system (as opposed to the arterial system) due to its thin walled structure
Hematogenous Dissemination
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This route of metastasis may occur with malignancies that involve coelomic surfaces
Transcoelomic Seeding
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In this type of metastasis, excessive manipulation or cutting into malignant tumors may detach and carry small portions of the tumor to other sites
Traumatic Seeding
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Excessive production of connective tissue
Desmoplasia
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True or False:
Benign neoplasms are more prone to infarction, necrosis hemorrhage, ulceration, and infection
False--> malignant neoplasms are
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Some tumors (benign or malignant) may produce hormones or hormone-like substances that can have systemic effects known as ______?
Paraneoplastic Syndromes (e.g. Hypercalcemia, Cushing's Syndrome, etc.)
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True or False:
The carcinogenicity of various chemical agents appears to be dose dependent so that multiple fractional doses over time have the same transforming potential as a comparable one-time dose
True
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When two or more different chemicals act synergistically to induce cell transformation is is called _____?
Co-Carcinogenesis
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How are most known carcinogens metabolized?
By cytochrome P450-dependent mono-oxygenases in the liver
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What are the four steps of transformation of a normal cell to a neoplastic cell?
- Initiation
- Promotion
- Conversion
- Progression
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This may directly ionize critical cellular macromolecules or interact with cellular water to produce free radicals that mediate cellular damage by breaking or altering chemical bonds. Its ability to induce neoplastic transformation appears to correlate best with its ability to induce genetic mutation within the cell
Ionizing Radiation
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Through the process of transduction and insertional mutagenesis, these may directly rearrange the structure or alter the expression of the host cell genome. In order to be transformed the host cell must survive and be able to reproduce.
Viruses
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What are the major features of neoplastic cells (8)?
- Increased rate of stem cell renewal
- Loss of contact inhibition
- Anchorage independent growth (do not require attachment to hard surface to proliferate)
- Less Cohesive
- Require fewer exogenous growth factors
- Immortal (Cell lines can be kept alive indefinately)
- Can develop invasive properties
- Have metastatic potential
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True or False:
Most tumors are of monoclonal origin i.e., a single cell from normal or preneoplastic tissue becomes neoplastic at a specific layer of differentiation and the clonal derivatives of that cell produces the neoplasm
True
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The proportion of cells within a tumor population that are in the proliferating pool. The rate of tumor growth depends upon this and the degree of imbalance between cell production and cell loss. This has a profound effect upon a tumor's susceptibility to chemo. High = most vulnerable to cancer drugs
Growth Factor (GF)
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These factors, which induce fibrinogen and various substances produced by the tumor cells, promote and control the neovascularization of the expanding cell mass. The neovasculature tends to be abnormal due to loose endothelial junctions
Angiogenic Factors
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True or False:
A greater degree of angiogenesis within a tumor is correlated with a more aggressive behavior and poorer prognosis
True
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Clumps of ______ tumor cells appear more effective at producing metastases than either single cells or multiple clumps
5-10
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True or False:
Fewer than one in a thousand tumor cells released into the bloodstream will ultimately metastasize
True
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The lower the grade, the _______ the prognosis
better
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