HemoDynamics

Active bleeding into extravascular tissues or spaces resulting from disruption of the integrity of vascular walls

Hemorrhage into skin

Hemorrhage into mucous membranes

Hemorrhage into serosal surfaces

Coughing of blood from lungs

Vomiting of blood

Dark "tarry" blood in the stool

Bright red blood in the stool

The body's intrinsic ability to slow down or stop hemorrhage

An intravascular blood coagulum formed as a method to achieve hemostasis.

The formation of an extravascular coagulum or a postmortem intravascular coagulum formed only from the plasma coagulation factors

Measures the time it takes blood to clot by the intrinsic pathway

Measures the time it takes for blood to clot by the extrinsic pathway

Test that identifies the degradation product of cross-linked fibrin and is used as an indicator of active fibrinolyses

Virchow's Triad (predisposing factors to a life-threatening thrombus)

Type of thrombi that form most frequently in areas of artherosclerotic damage to the vessel wall or, in the heart, over areas of previous myocardial infarction. Tend to develop alternating layers (lines of Zahn) of fibrin adn aggregated platelets, which gives these thrombi a grey, laminated appearance (white thrombus)

Cardiac and aortic thrombi firmly attached to underlying vessel wall. Generally non-occlusive.

Type of thrombi that usually form in areas of blood stasis. Most clinically significant of these form in deep leg veins. Most are the result of sluggish blood flow, so tend to be occlusive and do not develop lines of Zahn. RBCs remain trapped within the developing thrombus and this produces a dark red-blue appearance (red thrombus)

This type of thrombi is usually due to local endothelial damage. Generally consist of platelets and fibrin and are not grossly visible

Reestablished vascular flow through an occlusive thrombus

A thrombus that has fragmented and detached completely from its place of origin to tumble through the circulation

These form a perfect cast of the vessel in which they form, do not contain lines of Zahn, are not firmly attached to the vessel wall, have a "currant-jelly" and/or "chicken fat" appearance, adn do not break apart easily

The process of tissue necrosis secondary to an abrupt reduction in tissue oxygenation. Usually the result of a sudden interference with the arterial blood supply to a tissue, but may be due to obstruction of venous drainage or to conditions that decrease the oxygen carrying capacity of blood.

In tissues with a single blood supply without significant anastomoses (kidneys, spleen, heart, etc.), occlusion of an artery results in coagulation necrosis of the tissues supplied by that artery. Blood perfusion of the tissue is interrupted. What color of infarct results?

Tissues that have a single blood supply with rich anastomoses (small bowel) or that have a dual blood supply (lung, liver) are somewhat protected against abrupt hypoxia due to the alternate blood source. If necrosis does occur, however, that alternate blood source may lead into the necrotic tissue, resulting in what color of infarct?

True or False:
Infarcts due to arterial occlusion tend to be wedge-shaped with the apex located close to the point of obstruction

An acquired disorder involving a coagulation abnormality. Numerous fibrin thrombi are formed consuming platelets, fibrinogen, and coagulation factors and secondarily activating the fibrinolytic system. The microthrombi may lead to microinfarcts of the affected tissue, acute tubular necrosis of the kidneys, and hemolytic anemia. Shock is a frequent complication

The process in which a free-floating mass is carried through the vascular system to a point distant to its site of origin or entry. The vast majority are fragments of preexisting thrombi. Infarction of tissue distal to the point of impact may occur

80-85% of this type of emboli arise from mural thrombi in the left ventricle or left atrial appendage of the heart. May or may not cause infarction. Major sites of impaction include lower extremities, brain, kidney, and spleen.

Although rare, if a right-to-left shunt is present in the heart (patent foramen ovale, atrial or ventricular septal defect), a venous embolus can gain access into the systemic circulation. This is called?

The third most common cause of sudden death.

These type of emboli most frequently occur after long-bone trauma when marrow fat is exposed to the venous circulation.

This type of emboli may result from abortion procedures, traumatic pneumothorax, Caisson's disease, etc. May cause "air lock" in the right heart

The inadequate perfusion and resultant hypoxia of body tissues

Type of shock resulting from acute loss of blood or fluid from the circulation. May be due to hemorrhage, burns, vomiting, diarrhea, etc.

Type of shock resulting from the inability of the heart to maintain adequate output. May be due to myocardial infarcts, cardiac tamponade, pulmonary emboli, etc.

Type of shock that involves the pooling of blood in peripheral vasculature leading to a central "hypovolemia" adn hypoperfusion of vital organs

Type of vascular shock involving the inability to maintain peripheral vascular muscle tone with subsequent peripheral pooling of blood. May be due to CNS injury, drugs, etc.

Type of vascular shock that involves severe gram-negative bacterial infections that produce endotoxins that cause peripheral vascular pooling. Resulting shock may also be complicated by direct toxic damage to the vessels and by DIC

Type of vascular shock that involves hypersensitivity reactions which lead to widespread vasodilation (causing peripheral vascular pooling) and increased capillary permeability with fluid loss from the vasculature. Can lead to hypovolemia and hypoperfusion of vital organs