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Examples of fossil fuels include:
Coal, oil, and natural gas.
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Combustible energy from remnants of plants and animals that lived millions of years ago:
Fossil fuels.
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All fossil fuels are present in ________ amounts; therefore they are considered a _____________ nonrenewable resource.
finite (limited).
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Fossil fuels exist in 3 states of matter:
- Solid - coal
- Liquid - oil
- Gas - natural gas
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The problems with the use of fossil fuels:
- *they cause damage to the environment:
- 1. Environmental damage at the site of production.
- 2. Accidental spills during transport.
- 3. There are emissions of pollutants (when burned) that contribute to global warming and acid deposition.
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Of the fossil fuels, which does the United States have the greatest supply of?
Coal.
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Which of the fossil fuels is the dirtiest and therefore more harmful to the environment?
Coal.
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Which fossil fuel is the cleanest?
Natural gas.
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Which of the fossil fuels do we expect to last the longest into the future?
Coal.
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From 1600 to 1800, _____ was the dominant fuel. ____ began to replace it as the dominant fuel in the 1800s in the Western world.
Wood; coal.
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By 1900, ____ was the dominant fuel.
Coal.
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By 1940, ____ surpassed ____ as the major energy source.
Oil; coal.
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What are the two types of coal mining?
- 1. surface mining (strip mining)
- 2. subsurface mining (tunnel mining, shaft mining)
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Making a huge hold and removing all sediments above the deposit of coal. This allows workers to drive huge equipment directly to the coal deposit.
Surface mining.
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Mining below ground, up to 500 feet deep is:
Subsurface mining.
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Percentage of US surface mining strategy is:
60%
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Percentage of subsurface mining strategy:
40%
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Another term for surface mining:
Strip mining.
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Antoher term for subsurface mining:
Tunnel mining; shaft mining.
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Problems with strip mining:
- 1. Strip mining removes fertile layers of topsoil that becomes less fertile when replaced.
- - (Many coal reserves are located under major wheat fields in the U.S.)
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Problems with tunnel mining:
- 1. Dangerous! - 90,000 American deaths in 1900's.
- 2. Increases risk of Cancer and Black Lung Disease.
- 3. Black lung disease may be due to coal, asbestos, or grain.
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Coal reserves are ____ than those of oil and natural gas.
more significant
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World coal reserves could last more than ____ years at present rates of consumption.
200 years
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Advantages of coal are:
- 1. Coal reserves are more significant than those of oil and natural gas.
- 2. World coal reserves could last more than 200 years at present rates of consumption.
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The material excavated from the mine that is high in acid and toxic minerals that kill local vegetation is called:
Coal spoil (mine spoil)
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Pollution caused when sulfuric acid and dangerous dissolved materials such as lead, arsenic and cadmium wash from coal and metal mines into lakes and streams, is called:
Acid mine drainage
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Disadvantages of coal are:
- 1. Damage to vegatation during mining.
- 2. Damage to topsoil when removed (reduces fertility of the soil).
- 3. Coal spoil.
- 4. Acid mine drainage.
- 5. All effects of burning coal.
- 6. Acid rain.
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Coal releases more ____ per unit of heat than other fossil fuels.
More carbon dioxide
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____ releases greater amounts of air pollutants ( sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides) than other fossil fuels.
Coal
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What are the effects of burning coal?
- 1. Coal releases more carbon dioxide (CO2) per unit of heat than other fossil fuels.
- 2. Coal releases greater amounts of other air pollutants as well..
- 3. These include sulfur oxides (SO2, SO3) than can mix with water and produce Sulfuric acid.
- 4. Coal also releases nitrogen oxides, (NO, NO2, and NO3) that can mix with water and produce Nitric acid.
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Sulfur oxides, when mix with water, produce:
Sulfuric acid.
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Nitrogen oxides, when mixed with water, produce:
Nitric acid.
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The sulfuric acid and nitric acid in the air cause ____.
Acid deposition (acid rain).
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What are forms of acid deposition?
Acid precipitation- acid rain, acid fog.
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Normal rain is slightly acidic with a pH of ____. In some areas, acid rain has a pH of ____, which is equal to that of lemon juice.
5.6; 2.1
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The ____ extends from 0 to 14, with 7 being ____.
pH scale; 7 being neutral.
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A pH below 7 is considered ____.
Acidic.
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A pH above 7 is considered ____.
Basic or alkaline.
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The acid rain produced is causing tremendous ____.
Forest decline.
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Coal emissions can be reduced by ____ placed in the company's smoke stack to remove sulfur in the emissions.
"scrubbers"
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The sulfur containing sludge that is produced is ____.
disposed of or sold.
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The process of removing any material and selling it as a saleable product is called:
Resource recovery.
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In the future we hope that if coal is used ,it will be with ____.
"Clean coal technology"
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Clean coal technology includes:
Coal gasification and fluid bed combustion (liquid coal) -- Liquid coal, gas coal.
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Coal gasification produces:
a natural gas from coal.
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Fluid bed combustion is:
Liquid coal.
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Underground geological structures that enclose oil or natural gas.
Structural traps.
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The problems with fossil fuels include:
- *They cause damage to the environment
- 1. Environmental damage at the site of production.
- 2. Accidental spills during transport.
- 3. There are emissions of pollutants when they are burned that contribute to global warming and acid deposition.
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Oil production dropped by only 5%, but it threw the United States into a panic; what event?
The Energy Crisis of 1973.
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Negative effects of the energy crisis:
- 1. Increase in gas prices.
- 2. Increase in heating oil prices.
- 3. Long lines at gas stations with gas rationing in some areas.
- 4. Car sales dropped.
- 5. All freeway speeds were dropped to 55mph for energy conservation.
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Positive effect of the energy crisis:
- Started a trend toward improved automobile mileage.
- - 1978 avg. fuel economy= 18 mpg
- - 1992 avg. fuel economy= 27.5 mpg
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What percent of global energy sources is on fossil fuels?
86%
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What percent of global energy sources are non-fossil fuels?
14%
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Global energy source (5): oil
39%
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Global energy source (%): coal
24%
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Global energy source (%): natural gas
23%
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Global energy source (%): hydro power
7%
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Global energy source (%): nuclear
6%
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Global energy source (%): alternatives
1%
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Together, oil and natural gas provide __% of all energy used in the U.S.
63%
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Approximately 2/3 of the world's oil reserves are in ____.
The Middle East.
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The U.S. is dependent of foreign oil.
True.
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At our current rate of consumption, if we used only our own oil reserves, we would run out of oil in about ___ years.
10 years.
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Worldwide oil production is controlled in part by ____.
OPEC
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OPEC is the abbreviation of:
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
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What countries are part of OPEC?
Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria, United Arab Emirates, and Yemen.
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Petroleum is very versatile and is used for:
- 1. Gasoline
- 2. Diesel fuel
- 3. Aviation fuel
- 4. Asphalt
- 5. Kerosene
- 6.Heating oil
- 7. Lubricants
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Petroleum contains petrochemicals to make:
- 1. Fertilizers
- 2. Pesticides
- 3. Medicine
- 4. Plastics
- 5. Paints
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Most estimates say the world with run out of petroleum in ___ years.
100 years.
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Where is the US looking to contribute to their oil demands next?
Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR)
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Supporters say drilling in the arctic refuge will ____.
reduce our dependence on foreign oil.
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Opposers to oil drilling in the arctic refuge feel it would ____.
threaten the delicate balance of nature in the arctic in exchange for a temporary oil fix.
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What are synfuels?
Gas and liquid substitutes for oil, natural gas, and coal that are derived from coal and other natural sources
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Gas and liquid substitutes that are derived from coal and other natural sources are called:
Synfuels.
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Synfuels are ____ expensive than traditional fossil fuels and have ____ environmental problems.
more expensive; the same problems.
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As we use up our present fossil reserves, what other fuels will replace them?
Synfuels.
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Tar sands, oil shale, gas hydrates, alcohol fuels, biomass, coal liquefaction, coal gasification are types of:
Synfuels.
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Tar sands are:
Oily sand.
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Oil shale is:
Oily rocks.
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Gas hydrates are:
Ice encrusted natural gas (In the Arctic under the permafrost).
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Alcohol fuels are:
Methanol
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Biomass is:
Energy from burning animal and plant products.
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Coal liquefaction is:
Liquid coal.
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Coal gasification is:
Natural gas made from coal.
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Why is the US in need of a comprehensive national energy strategy?
- 1. Limited fossil fuels
- 2. Fossil fuels pollute
- 3. Dependence on foreign oil makes our economy vulnerable.
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What is the proposed energy strategy:
- 1. Increase energy efficiency and conservation
- 2. Secure future energy supplies.
- 3. Improve energy technology
- All without further damage to the environment
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Conservation strategies for getting around town:
- - use mass transit
- - Is driving necessary for this task- or will a phone call accomplish the same thing.
- - carpool
- - ride a bike
- - walk
- - modify your driving habits
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