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trulyabaker
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What is the action of the deltoid?
abducts, extends, and flexes arm
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Isometric is what kind of contraction?
muscle contracts (there is change in force) but does not change in length
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What is the site where an axon and a muscle fiber meet?
the neurmuscular junction (NMJ) (or myoneural junction)
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What are the two types of proteins in muscle fibers?
protein (thick filament) and actin (thin filament)
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I bands are made of what?
they are composed of thin actin (protein) filaments…(held by direct attachments to structures called Z lines, which appear in the center of the I bands)
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What is the origin and insertion of the levator scapulae?
origin: cervical vertebrae / insertion: scapula
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Why do birds that migrate long distances have dark flesh?
because they have abundant dark, slow-twitch muscles...
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A twitch has a brief delay between the time of stimulation and the time of contraction, what is the name of the delay?
the latent period
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What is a fascicle?
a small bundle of muscle fibers
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What muscle helps you smile?
zygomaticus
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Acetylcholine (ACh) is synthesized where?
synthesized in the cytoplasm of the motor neuron
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What happens when calcium is removed from the cytoplasm?
the muscle relaxes...
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Creatine phospate stores energy that quickly converts what?
quickly converts ADP to ATP
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The aerobic phase occurs where?
it occurs in the mitochondria (the complete breakdown of glucose)
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What is the refractory period?
a short period after a nerve or muscle cell fires during which the cell cannot respond to additional stimulation (can be stimulated but won't respond)
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Where would you find the extensor digitorum?
in the forearm...
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The names of muscles often describe them, what a name indicate?
the muscle's size, shape, location, action, number of attachments, or direction of fibers...
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What are the four components of levers?
(1) rigid bar - bones (2) fulcrum - parts on which bar moves; joint (3) object - moved against resistance; weight (4) force - supplies energy for movement; muscles
Toss-up question from last class!
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A layer of connective tissue that surrounds a skeletal muscle is what?
epimysium
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What is it called when you increase the number of activated motor units?
recruitment
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What is the origin and insertion of the trapezius?
origin: occipital & vertebrae / insertion: clavicle & scapula
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What is the action of the infraspinatus?
rotates arm laterally
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What are the two muscles used to raise your eyebrows?
epicranius frontalis and occipitalis
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Define peristalsis?
a wavelike motion; consists of alternate contractions and relaxations of the longitudinal and circular muscles; helping to force the contents of a tube along its length
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What is the recording of muscle contraction called?
a myogram
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The irises of the eyes are an example of what?
a multi-unit smooth muscle
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What causes rigor mortis to happen?
results in an increase in membrane permeability to calcium ions, which promotes cross-bridge attachment, and a decrease in availability of ATP in the muscle fibers, which prevents cross-bridge release from actin…thus, the actin and myosin filaments of the muscle fibers remains linked until the muscles begin to decompose
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What three (3) muscles extend the leg at the knee?
rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis
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Neurons release what chemicals in order to communicate with the cells that they control?
neurotransmitters
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Drugs called what are used to treat irregular heart rhythms?
- calcium channel blockers
- do it by blocking ion channels that admit extracellular calcium into cardiac muscle cells
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What is a sarcomere?
the structural and functional unit of a myofibril
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What do liver cells turn lactic acid into?
glucose
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What is a connective tissue covering that is associated with muscle forming and is broad, shaped like fibrous sheet, that attaches muscles to other muscles called?
aponeuroses
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What is the origin and insertion of the Teres minor?
origin: scapula / insertion: humerus
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What is the type of contraction that results in shortening of a muscle?
concentric, shortening contraction / an isotonic contraction
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What is the cell membrane of a muscle cell called?
sarcolemma
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What is the difference between the origin and the insertion?
the origin is the unmovable end and the insertion is the movable end
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What are two things that cause smooth muscle to contract?
acetylcholine (ACh) & norepinephrine (NE)
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What is cordlike part that attaches a muscle to a bone?
tendon
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What does lactic acid accumulation result in?
it results in oxygen debt
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What is the enzyme that removes acetylcholine (ACh) from the synapse?
- acetylcholinesterase…(rapidly decomposes ACh in the synapse; this enzyme present in the synapse and on
- the membrane of the motor end plate, prevent a single nerve impulse from continuously stimulating a muscle fiber)
Toss up question!
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When a person walk with a constant waddle it called what?
gluteal gait…(when the gluteus medius and minimus are paralyzed)
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What is the action of the buccinator?
compresses cheeks (blowing)
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What are the two major types of smooth muscle fibers?
visceral smooth muscle and multi-unit smooth muscle
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Smooth muscle fibers lack troponin, what protein do they have?
calmodulin…(binds to calcium ions released when its fibers are stimulated, activating contraction)
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The assistant to the prime mover is called what?
synergist
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True or False: Troponin is a muscle protein who's
chemical activity cause the contraction of muscle fibers?
False: Troponin is a protein which acts to block the contraction of the sarcomere
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What is one of the first sign of Parkinson's disease?
shaky hands
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What muscle am I contracting when I put my chin to my chest?
sternocleidomastoid
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What is the function of intercalated discs?
help cells join, helping transmit the force of contraction from cell to cell; also allow ions to diffuse between cells, allowing muscle impulse to travel rapidly from cell to cell
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True or False: Fascicles, Muscles, Thick and thin filaments, Muscle fibers (cells), Myofibrils. Is this the correct order?
False: Muscle - Fascicles - Muscle fibers (cells) - Myofibrils - Thick and thin filaments.
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The muscle used for pouting and to express horror is what?
platysma
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What is the period of time from time of stimulation and the beginning of contraction?
latent period
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