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acmolt
on FreezingBlue Flashcards.
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name the artery that runs the entire lenght of the spinal cord and supplies the anterior 2/3 of the spinal cord?
anterior spinal artery
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The ___ is a large, complex network of nerves arising from the five ventral rami of C5- C7 and T1.
brachial plexus
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Where is the phrenic nerve located?
in the cervical plexus
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What is the largest nerve in the body?
sciatic nerve
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What is the most inferior portion of the spinal cord and what level is it located at?
conus medularris and L1-L2
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What are the for major nerve plexuses?
cervical, brachial, lumbar and sacral
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the cuada equina is AKA______? and exits through the ______ foramina?
horsetail; lumbosacral
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what strong ligaments are present on either side of the spinous process, that help preserve the normal curvature of the spine?
ligamentum flava
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The splenius muscles originate on the spinous process of_______ and the inferior half of the ligamentum nuchae?
C7-T6
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The PLL is____ and slightly_____ that the ALL.
narrower and weaker
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What are the 3 vertical columns that make up the erector spinae muscle group?
iliocstalis, longissimus and spinalis
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What are the 3 unique features of the ALL?
- Thicker that the thoracic region
- Best seen on a saggital MRI image
- Maintain stability of the joints and helps prevent hyperextension of the vertebral bodies
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Name 3 structures which form the vertebral arch:
2 pedicles, 2 lamina, 2 transverse processes, 2 superior articular processes, 2 inferior articular processes and spinous process
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The odontoid process projects into the________to act as a pivod for rotational movement.
anterior ring of the altas
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what articulates to form costovertebral joints and the costotransvers joints?
- vertebral body and head of the rib(costovertebral joint)
- Tubercle of rib and transverse process(costotransverse joint)
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T/F: The sacral section consists of five vertebrae that are fused
True
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How many vertebrae make up the thoracic section?
12
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What are the soft tissue organs of the neck?
pharynx, larynx, esophagus, trachea,
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What connects the middle to the nasopharynx?
opening of the auditory tube
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What are the pharyngeal tonsils frequently referred to as, as well as when they are enlarged?
adenoids
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What are the boundaries of the nasopharynx?
posteriorly:clivus and upper cervical spine. inferiorly:soft palate
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A superifical muscle located on the posterior portion of the neck and acts to elevate the scapula?
trapizius
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why is the right internal jugular vein larger than the left?
it is the continuation of the sigmoid sinus of the head
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what does the vertebral artery supply?
supply blood to the posterior aspect of the brain
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where does the right common carotid artery arise from?
right brachiocephalic artery
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name the muscular tube that extends down the laryngophayrnx to the cardiac oriface of the stomach?
esophagus
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Name two sphincters of the esophagus?
esophageal and cardiac
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Where is the trachea located?
immediately anterior to the esophagus
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What cartilidge is the largest and most superior to the larynx?
thyroid
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How is the epiglottis different from the other cartilidges in the larynx?
it is elastic and allows for movement
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What are the three pairs of salivary glands and what is the largest?
parotid, submandibular, sublingual and parotid is the largest
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what endocrine gland is located at the ciricoid cartilidge?
thyroid gland
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What is located on the posterior portion of the thyroid lobes and usually four in number?
parathyroid glands
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how many lymph nodes are on each side of the neck?
75
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what are clustered in regions throughout the vessels of the lymphatic system?
lymph nodes
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Which muscle turns the head from side to side and to flex the neck?
posterior scalene muscle?
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What are the four tongue muscles?
genioglossus, hyonglossus, styloglossus, palatoglossus
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What is the role of the longitudinal muscle?
elevate larynx and pharynx during swallowing and speaking
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What muscles control the position and tension of the vocal cords?
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A ligament running along the anterior aspects of the body?
anterior longitudinal ligament
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a ligament running along the medial aspects of teh laminae of teh vertebra?
ligamentum flava
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A ligament running along the tips of the spinous process of the vertebrae from C7 to the occipital bone?
ligamentum nuchae
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a ligament along the posterior aspects of the bodies of the vertebrae?
posterior longitudinal ligament
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a ligament runing along the tips of the spinous process of the vertebrae from C7 to the sacrum?
supraspinous ligament
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List the structures that make up the vertebral arch?
2pedicles, 2 laminae, 1 spinous process, 2 transverse process, 2 superior, 2 inferior articular process
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State two components that make up intervertebral disks?
nucleus pulposus, annulus fibrosus
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The "blank" are extentsions of the pia mater: they attach to the dura mater to prevent movement of the spinal cord within the spinal canal.
denticulate ligaments
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the two "blank project from the vertebral body to meet with two laminae that continue posterior and medial to from the "blank" process.
pedicles, spinous
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The conus medullaris is located approximately at the level of what?
L1
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There are how many pairs of spinal nerves that exit the spinal cord?
31
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What muscle group is considered the chief extensor of teh vertebralcolumn?
erector spinae muscle group
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Which ligaments join the laminae of adjacent vertebral arches to help preserve the normal curvature of the spine?
ligamentum flava
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Describe the cervical plexus and list major motor branch.
the cervical plexuses arises from the venral rami of C1-C4 to innervate the muscles of the neck and should. The major motor branch of the cervical plexuses is the phrenic nerve. the phrenic nerve innervates the diaphragm and is formed by C4 and C5 motor fibers.
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Which veins drain the vertebral bodies?
Basivertebral veins
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Describe the costal faceets of the thoracic vertebra.
the costal facets are located on the body and transverse process, which articulate with the ribs. the head of the rib articulates with the vertebral bodies at the costovertebral joints and the tubercle of the ribs articulates with the transvers processes at the costotranverse joints.
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The thyroid is located at the level of what?
circoid cartilidge
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What cartilidge forms the base of the larynx?
circoid
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What are the three parts of the pharynx?
nasopharynx, oropharynx, larygopharynx
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Briefly discribe the valleculae and why it is important?
pouchlike openings on each side of the tongue/epiglottis where common site for foreign objects to be within the neck
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The vertebral artery originates from which?
subclavian
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the external jugular veins drain into the "blank" veins on either side of the neck?
subclavian
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Describe the carotid shealth.
compartment that encloses the common and internal carotid arteries, internal jugular vein and assoiciated lyph nodes and vagus nerve
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the esophagus enters the abdomen thu which opening?
esphogeal hiatus
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What are some typical characteristic of the thyroid gland?
Axially it appears wedge shaped positioned close to the trachea, located at the level of teh cricoid cartiliage, produces hormones assoiciated with the regulation of metabolic rates
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In the neck, the external carotid is anterior to the internal carotid artery. T/F
T
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Symmetry is not important in lookin at images of the neck.T/F
T
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The organs of teh neck are attatched to one another by connective tissue. T/F
T
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The trachea appears hyperlucent on CT axial images. T/F
T
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What is the bifurcation of the trachea called?
carina
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What is the function of the esophagus?
allows food to travel from the mouth to the stomach
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describe the common carotid arteries?
bifurcate at C3/4, are medial to the veins, are smaller than the veins
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spinal nerve connections to the spinal cord that only contain motor axons
ventral root
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holes in the transverse process of the cervical (except for C1) for the passage of vertebral blood vessels
vertebral foramina
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T/F: the esophagus is posterior to the trachea
true
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When does the pharynx divide into the trachea and esphagus
C3/C6
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u shaped bone in neck
hyoid
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costovertebral joint
thoracic vertebrea
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salivary gland found beneath the tounge
sublingual
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adams apple
thyroid cartilidge
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blood returing from the brain along with cerebrals spinal fluids goes into the dural sinus and then into the internal jugular veins
true
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is the thyroid gland inferior or superior to the thyroid cartilage
inferior
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the odontoid is actually from the body of c1
true
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axially the spinal cord resibles?
an H
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what ligament of the spines lies inside the vertebral canal
posterior longitudinal ligament
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mri is the best thing to visualize fractures in the c spine
false
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T/F symmetry is important when looking at images of the neck
true
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the organs of the neck are attached to one another by connecting tissue?
true
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what is the function of the esophagus?
for food to travel from the neck to the stomach
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small masses of lymphoids
tonsils
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describe the costal facets of the vertbrea
located on the body and tranverse process of the thoracic vertebrea which articulate with the ribs. the head of the rib articulates with the vertebral bodies at the costovertebral joints articulate and the tubercles of the ribs articulate with the transverse process of teh costotransverse joint
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small opening in the central of the spinal cord; contains cerebral spinal fluid
central canal
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3 of the 4 fused bones and the distal end of the vertebral column AKA the tailbone
coccyx
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muscle in floor of the posterior triangle of the neck; extends from the transverse process to C3 to C6 vertebrea to the first rib
anterior scalene muscle
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holes or spaces formed from inferior and superior vertebral notches for the transmission of spinal nerves and blood vessels
intervertebral foramina
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Nerve plexus between the anterior and middle scalene muscles in the neck that is derived from the ventral rami of spinal nerves C5 through T1
Brachial plexus
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Odontoid process; upward projecting process on the second cervical vertebra
Dens
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Major supporting ligament of the vertebral column; extends along the anterior surface of vertebral bodies from C1 to the sacrum
Anterior longitudinal ligament
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Articular surfaces on the bodies and transverse processes of thoracic vertebrae for articulation with ribs
Costal facets
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Prominent ridge on the visceral surface of the first segment of the sacrum; marks the beginning of the true pelvis
Sacral promontory
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Muscle that extends from cervical vertebrae to the medial border of the scapula and elevates the scapula
Levator scapulae muscle
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Posterior projection from the laminae of vertebrae
Spinous process
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Vessel that arises from the subclavian artery and ascends the neck within the transverse foramina of cervical vertebrae then passes through the foramen magnum to supply oxygenated blood to the posterior portion of the brain
Vertebral artery
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Intermediate layer of intrinsic muscles associated with the vertebral column; includes the iliocostalis, the longissimus, and the spinalis muscles
Erector spinae muscles
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Concave surface on the upper and lower margins of the pedicles on vertebrae; the superior and inferior vertebral notches of adjacent vertebrae meet to form intervertebral foramina that transmit spinal nerves and blood vessels
Vertebral notch
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The tapered distal end of the spinal cord
Conus medullaris
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Cordlike extension of pia mater that extends to the coccyx and is anchored there
Filum terminale
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Collection of spinal nerves that extend beyond the conus medullaris at the distal end of the spinal cord
Cauda equina
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A thin layer or flat plate
lamina
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Dorsal, ventral, and lateral regions of gray matter in the spinal cord; contain the terminal portions of sensory neurons, entire interneurons, and dendrites and cell bodies of motor neurons
horn of gray matter in spinal cord
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Short bands of elastic fibers that connect the laminae of adjacent vertebrae
ligamentum flava
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Articulation between the sacrum and the ilium
SI joint
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The fibrous outer part of the intervertebral disc
Anulus fibrosus
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Fibrocartilaginous pads between the vertebrae in the vertebral column
Intervertebral disc
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Nerve plexus that is derived from the ventral rami of cervical nerves C1 through C4
cervical plexus
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Superiorly and inferiorly directed projections from the vertebral arch; inferior articular processes of one vertebra articulate with the superior articular processes of the next vertebra
articular processes
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Peripheral nerves that arise from each segment of the spinal cord; there are 31 pairs of spinal nerves-8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, and 1 coccygeal
spinal nerves
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Three vessels that supply oxygenated blood to the spinal cord; one anterior and two posterior spinal arteries
spinal arteries
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Network of nerve fibers formed by the ventral rami of spinal nerves L4, L5, and S1 through S4; branches innervate the external genitalia, pelvic diaphragm, posterior thigh, leg, and foot
sacral plexus
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Nerve plexus that arises from the ventral rami of the first four lumbar segments of the spinal cord; formed within the psoas major muscle
lumbar plexus
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Central opening in a vertebra formed by the body anteriorly and the vertebral arch posteriorly; surrounds the spinal cord
vertebral foramen
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Upward projecting process on the second cervical vertebra, also called dens
odontoid proces
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Posterior curved portion of a vertebra; formed by the transverse processes, the spinous process, the pedicles, and laminae, and the superior and inferior articular processes
vertebral arch
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Anteriorly convex curve of the vertebral column in the neck region; develops after birth
cervical curvature
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Lateral projections from vertebrae
transverse processes
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Second cervical vertebra
axis
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Openings in the lateral masses of the sacrum for the passage of nerves
sacral foramina
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Supraspinous and interspinous ligaments from C7 to the occipital bone
ligamentum nuchea
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One of the muscles in the floor of the posterior triangle of the neck; extends from cervical vertebrae to the second rib and elevates the rib
posterior scalene muscle
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First cervical vertebra
atlas
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One of the muscles in the floor of the posterior triangle of the neck; extends from the cervical vertebrae to the first rib and elevates the rib
middle scalene muscle
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Spinal nerve connection to the spinal cord that contains only motor axons
ventral root
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An enlargement in the dorsal root of spinal nerves that contains the cell bodies of afferent neurons
dorsal root ganglion
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Spinal nerve connection to the spinal cord; contains only sensory nerve fibers
dorsal root
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Superior portion of the vertebral column; characterized by bifid spinous processes and transverse foramina
cervical vertebrea
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The inner portion of an intervertebral disc; surrounded by the annulus fibrosus
nucleus polposa
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One of the major supporting ligament of the vertebral column; extends along the posterior surface of vertebral bodies, within the vertebral canal, from C1 to the sacrum
Posterior longitudinal ligament
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