Micro Exam 2

Study on when and where disease occur and how transmitted.

time, number of cases, and population size

Morbidity is the diseased state, mortality is death.

The study of disease

The study of the cause of a disease

The development of a disease

Colonization or invasion of the body by pathogens

State where body isn't functioning normally

10^13; 10^14

Humans are a cylinder with a hole through the center with just about every surface colonized by bacteria

stomach and bladder

free of orgs

Not normal flora. Stomach ulcers.

Normal Clearance Machanisms

• Permanently colonize the host
• Don't produce disease

• May be present for days, weeks, or months
• disappear

• Nose and throat (upper respiratory system)
• Eyes (conjunctiva)
• Mouth
• Skin
• Large intestine
• Urinary and reporductive systems (lower urethra in both sexes and vagina in females)

• "Competition" between microbes
• Example = vagine
• Matains pH of 4
• Normal flora inhibits overgrowth of yeast
• if change of pH -> increase growth of yeasts (c. albicans)
• if normal flora is eliminated by: antibiotics, excessive douching, or deodorants -> vaginal infections

• Normal flora protects host against colonization of potentially pathogenic m/o's
• Complete for nutrients
• Produce substances harmful to invading m/o
• Affect conditions -> pH, O2 availability

Live microbes applied to or ingested into the body, intended to insert a beneficial effect

Behavior within the host

• Disease that spread from one host to another.
• Both directly or indirectly.
• Chicken pox, measles, genital herpes, typhoid fever, tuberculosis

• Spread.
• Chicken pox, measles

• Not spread.
• Caused by m/o inhabiting in the body; may cause disease when introduced into the body.
• Clostridium tetani (tetanus) -> produce disease via abrasions or wounds

Fraction of a population that contracts a disease during a specific time.

• Fraction of a population having a specific disease at a given time.
• Takes in to account both old and new cases.
• How serious and longa disease affects a population.

• Sporadic disease
• Endemic disease
• Epidemic disease
• Pandemic disease

Disease that occurs occasionally in a population.

Disease constantly present in a population.

Disease acquired by many hosts in a given area in a short time

Worldwide epidemic

• Immunity in most of a population - does not provide reservoir for organism to hide/evolve/grow.
• Vaccination can provide her immunity.

• Pathogens are limited to a small area of the body.
• Boils, abscesses

• An infection throughout the body.
• Spread via the circulatory system.

• Systemic infection that began as a local infection.
• Teeth, tonsils, sinuses

Bacteria in the blood.

Growth of bacteria in the blood.

Toxins in the blood.

Viruses in the blood.

Acute infection that causes the initial illness.

• Opportunistic infection after a primary (predisposing) infection.
• Sometimes more dangerous than a primary infection.
• ex. Skin and respiratory tract infecitons
• Pneumocystis pneumonia -> AIDS
• Streptococcal bronchopneuminia -> following influenza

• No noticable signs or symptoms.
• Can be carried by people who never develop the illness.

There must be a reservoir of infetion as a source of pathogens for an infectious disease to occur.

• The pathogen must be transmitted to a susceptible host by...
• direct contact
• indirect contact
• or by vectors

Microorganism enters the host and multiplies.

• Microorganism injures the host.
• Directly or by toxins

Passive transport -> insects feet or other body parts.

Active process -> arthropod bites affected host, pathogen reproduce in vector, transmitted to another host.

• Acquired as a result of a hospital stay.
• 5-15% all hospital patients acquire nosocomial infections.
• Infections result of human error and misunderstanding of sterile technique.

• Maintained reservoir
• Transported into host
• Adhere to colonize and/or invade the host
• Multiply in host or host cells (nutrient?)
• Bacterial product secretion and damage
• Shedding and return to environment or reservoir

humans, animals, and the environment

True

Any bacterial products that contribute to disease processes, and mutation of these genes result in decrease in infection potential

basement membranes, cells, and tissue.

• Adhere to host tissue
• Penetrate or evade host defenses
• Damage host tissues
• Some m/o do not cause disease by direct damaging host tissue
• accumulation of waste products
• toxins

• Mucous
• Skin
• Parenteral

• Respiratory tract
• entry: inhalation -> mouth or nose; drops, moisture, and dust particles
• disease: common cold, pneumonia, TB, influenza, measles, small pox

• Gastrointestinal tract
• entry: food, water, contaminated fingers; most mo's entering body destroyed by HCl and enzymes in stomach; bile and enzymes in small intestines
• disease: hep A, typhoid fever, cholera, etc; pathogen eliminated in feces and can be transmitted to other hosts

• Genitourinary tract
• entry: sexual contact
• disease: STDs

Cuts, lesions.

No.

Things called "adhesin" that cling onto receptors on the host cell.

Prevents phagocytes from adhering to them.

M protien: heat and acid resistant. mediates attachment of phagocytes.

Waxy lipid: resists digestion from phagocytes.

Hyaluronidase

Invasins.

Protein.

Yersnia.

What is Yersina?

Limits phagocytosis and immune signaling.

• Innate: any pathogen
• Adaptive: specific defense

• Skin
• Mucous
• Normal microbiota

• Natural killers
• inflammation
• fever
• antimicrobial

• T-cells
• B-cells
• Antibodies

• Bone barrow
• Thymus
• Lymph nodes

• Trap antigens
• Initiate immune response
• Signal recirculation of lymphocytes

Take material and present them to T-cells.

Histamine

Alternative - does not involved ab. initiated by complement proteins and pathogens

Lectin - marcophage ingest, sti. liver to release lectins.

Classical - Ab binds to Ag

• cytolysis
• imflammation
• phagocytosis

• recruit phags
• puncture cells causing lysis
• unite specific and non-specific to act as one

• Capsules
• Surface lipid-carbs prevent MAC formation
• enzymes digest C5.

Process of coating a MO so that phags can recognize and eat. Opsonins carries this out.

Attach to MO and induce cytokines. (they say that this right here is a fucka that needs to be messed with)

Alpha/beta inhibit viral replication

Gamma causes neutros and phags to phagosize bacteria

• Release perforin
• creates pore
• fluid goes in
• lysis

Extracellular and B-cells everything else is cellular component.

• Bone marrow
• Humoral

• Thymus
• Cellular

• B: Intact
• T: Fragment

Epitope

MHC-II, MHC-I

The part of the antibody that binds to the antigen

DNA rearrangement & somatic mutation

DNA sequence variations introduced by the improper joining of gene segments during the process of V(D)J recombination.

G.M.A.D.E.

• IgG: enhance phags, neutro toxins, activate, complement system, protect newborns
• IgM: agglutinates microbes, first to respond
• IgA: protects mucAs
• IgD: innitiate immune response on B-cells
• IgE: allergy and parasites

IgM

IgA

IgG

mature B-cell shas it's own immunoglobulins on surface. Sees something, attaches to it and some B-cells proliferate to memory while most into anti-body producing plasma cells.

MHC-I are on nucleated cells. If something invades it, MHC-I takes a piece and presents it outside. CD8 is the only one that sees this and if it does, it destroys it.

Natural: immunity from exposure or some transfer of antibodies from immune donor.

• Passive: antibodies without having to look for a
• "donor". like birth, or breast milk.

Arti acquired: vaccine

Arti passive: transplant of precursor antibodies (bone marrow transplant)

Cowpox rubbed on skin. Ab formation and memory. Rubbed second time = rapid and intense immune response.

Inactivated polio vacc. from monkey's kidney. inactivated by formalin.

oral polio vaccine with weakened live virus.

Attenuated: Weakened, lifelong immunity, no booster

Inactivated: MO has been killed

Toxoids: aimed at toxins produced by pathogen. boosters every 10. like tetanus.

• Uses antigen fragments
• Safer
• can't reproduce in body

Uses other microbes programmed for antigenic fraction.

Use fractions of a bacterial cell

Used for children with low response to vaccines due to capsular polysaccharides.

Newest type not used yet. Naked DNA

Vaccine

Unknown antigen is placed on an enzyme. Antibodies are then showered on it. The enzyme will use a signal(chromogen) if the right antibody forms with the antigen.

Antibodies that are produced in a lab from a single B-cell.

Antibody put first.

Antigen put first.