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aliceaustin
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The nervous system is composed of:
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Meninges
-composed of 3 membranes (dura, arachnoid, & pia mater) that cover/protect the brain & spinal cord
-contain CSF
-blood brain barrier--many substances in the blood cannot cross into the CSF
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Meningitis
inflammation of the meninges
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Encephalitis
inflammation of the brain
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Meningoencephalitis
inflammation of the brain and meninges
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Diseases of the NERVOUS SYSTEM: 4 types
Bacterial
Viral
Protozoan
Prion
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4 types of BACTERIAL DISEASES of the NERVOUS SYSTEM:
Bacterial meningitis
Tetanus
Botulism
Leprosy
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A bacterial disease of the nervous system - Bacterial Meningitis
- Can be caused by:
- *Haemophilus influenzae
- *Neiserria meningitidis
- *Streptococcus pneumoniae
- -all are frequent normal colonizers of the nose/throat-all have thick capsule preventing phagocytosis
- -if enter bloodstream, replicate rapidly
- -sometimes they cross BBB to cause meningitis
- -initial symptoms: fever, headache, stiff neck
- -can cause rapid death--shock/inflammation due to toxin release, can be w/in hours
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A bacterial disease of the nervous system - Tetanus
- caused by:
- Clostridium tetani
- -commonly found in soil
- -releases a neurotoxin
- -toxin enters bloodstream and then CNS
- -toxin causes muscle contractions - lockjaw, muscle spasm, back and heels can bow backward
- -eventual death due respiratory muscle spasms
- -preventable with tetanus vaccine--toxiod
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A bacterial disease of the nervous system - Botulism
- caused by:
- Clostridium botulinum
- -found in soil
- -makes exotoxin in anaerobic environments (ex: canned foods)
- -exotoxin blocks nerve signals
- -results in flaccid paralysis
- -respiratory & cardiac failure
- -spores often found in honey--problem for infants < 1 year due to not having normal flora protection
- -toxin is now used therapeutically--botox
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A bacterial disease of the nervous system - Leprosy
- caused by:
- Mycobacterium leprae
- -disfiguring nodules form on the body
- -means of transfer unclear
- -grows in nerve & skin cells
- -tuberculoid (neural) leprosy, lepromatous (progressive) leprosy
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2 types of VIRAL DISEASES of the NERVOUS SYSTEM:
Poliomyelitis
Rabies
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A viral disease of the nervous system - Poliomyelitis
- caused by:
- poliovirus
- -infects throat & small intestine, but can get into the CNS
- -causes paralysis
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A viral disease of the nervous system - Rabies
- caused by:
- rabies virus
- -results in fatal encephalitis
- -virus found in animals (dogs, bats)
- -virus prolliferatres in PNS then to CNS
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1 type of PROTOZOAN DISEASE of the NERVOUS SYSTEM
- African Trypanosomiasis
- caused by:
- Trypanosoma brucei
- -aka: African sleeping sickness
- -carried person to person by a vector--Tsetse fly
- -protozoan flagellate invades the CNS resulting in deterioration of the nerves
- -coma & death inevitable w/out treatment
- -drugs not very effective
- -elimination of the vector is primary approach
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PRION DISEASES of the NERVOUS SYSTEM
- -are abnormally folded proteins
- -found in brain tissue
- -cause normally folded proteins to fold abnormally
- -leads to aggregates & spongiform tissue
- Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD)
- Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) - mad cow
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