Physiology Ch4

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  1. What is Energy?
    The Capacity to do work.
  2. What is Chemical Work?
    Enables cells and organisms to grow.
  3. What is Transport Work?
    Enables cells to move molecules to create concentration gradients.
  4. What is Mechanical Work?
    Is used for movement.
  5. What is the First Law Of Thermodynamics?
    Total amount of energy in the universe is constand & Energy can not be created nor destroyed.
  6. What is the Second Law of Thermodynamics?
    Processes move from state of order disorder or entropy
  7. What is Kinetic Energy?
    It is the energy of motion
  8. What is Potential Energy?
    It is stored Energy
  9. A chemcial Reaction beings with what and ends with what?
    • Begins: With one or more Reactants
    • Ends: With one or more Products
  10. How is the Reaction Rate Measured?
    It is measured as the change in concentration of products with time.
  11. What is Free Energy of the molecule?
    The Energy stored in the chemical bonds of the molecule and available to perform work.
  12. What is Activiation Energy?
    Is the inital input of energy required to begin a reaction.
  13. What is Exergonic Reaction?
    Energy Producing reactions.
  14. What is Endergonic Reaction?
    Energy Utilizing reactions
  15. What do Metabolic pathway couple?
    Endergonic and exergonic reactions
  16. Energy for driving endergonic reactions is stored where?
    In ATP
  17. What is a Reversible reaction?
    A reaction that can proceed in both directions.
  18. What is an Irreversible Reaction?
    It is a reaction that can proceed in one direction but not the other.
  19. What determinds whether that reaction can be reversed?
    Net Free Energy
  20. What are Enzymes?
    They are biological catalysts that speed up the rate of chemical reactions wiouth themselves being changed.
  21. What are Substrates?
    They are the reactants in reactions catalyzed by enzymes
  22. What does Enzyme specificity mean?
    Mean that Enzyme react with only limited and selected substates
  23. What does Induced fit model mean?
    It states neither the substate nor the products can bend to bind with the enzyme the enzyme must bend to allow reaction.
  24. Temperature and pH are what to Enzymes?
    Modulators
  25. What are enzymes when Modulators are destoryed?
    They are denatured Enzymes
  26. What is feedback inhibition?
    It is an example of negative feedback that inhibits the activity of early enzymes and usually involves modification of enzyme.
  27. Some enzymes are produced as inactive precursors and must be activated by what?
    Cofactos
  28. What are coenzymes?
    Organic cofactors
  29. Reversible reactions always reach a state of what?
    Equilibrium
  30. Resverible reactions follow what law?
    Law of mass action.
  31. What is the Law of Mass Action?
    It states what when a reaction is at quilibrium the ratio of substrates to products is always the same and if the concentration of a substate or product changes the equilibrium will be distrubed.
  32. What can most reactions be classifed as?
    • Oxidation-reduction
    • Hydrolysis-dehydration
    • addition-subtraction-exchange
    • Ligation
  33. What does Gylcolysis do?
    Coverts glucose to pyruvate
  34. What is Metabolism?
    All the chemical reactions in the body
  35. What is Catabolic reactions?
    Reactions that release energy and break down large biomolecules
  36. What is Anabolic Reactions?
    Reactions that require a net input of energy and synthesize large biomolecules
  37. Cells regulate the flow of molecules through their metabloic pathways by:
    • 1. Controleling enzyme concentrations
    • 2. Producing allosteric and covalent modulators
    • 3. Using different enzymes to catalyze reversible reactions
    • 4. Isolating enzymes in tracellular organelles
    • 5. Maintatining an optimum ratio of ATP and ADP
  38. What do Aerobic pathways require?
    Oxygen and yeild the most ATP
  39. What can Anarobic Pathways that aerobic pathways cant?
    They can proceed without oxygen but produce ATP in much smaller quantities
  40. Glycolysis does not require the presence of what?
    Oxygen
  41. In Anaerobic metabolism pyruvate is converted to what?
    in to lactate, with a net yield of two ATP for each glucose molecule
  42. In Aerobic metabolism what happend to pyruvate?
    Pyruvate go trhough the citric acid cycle yield ATP, Carbon Dioxide, water, and high energy elections captured by NADH and FADH2
  43. Lipids are broken down for ATP production in the procces of what?
    Beta-Oxidation
  44. What is Gluconeogenesis?
    It is when amino acids and glycerol can be converted to glucose
  45. What does Lipid and Cholesterol synthesis require?
    Acetyl CoA
  46. What are is Post-Translational modification?
    It converts the newly synthesized protein to its finished form.

Card Set Information

Author:
 tlcolumna
ID:
 51169
Filename:
 Physiology Ch4
Updated:
2010-11-22 21:46:00
Tags:
Physiology Ch4 Energy Cellular Metabolism
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Description:
Energy and cellular metabolism, physiology
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