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tlcolumna
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What is Energy?
The Capacity to do work.
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What is Chemical Work?
Enables cells and organisms to grow.
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What is Transport Work?
Enables cells to move molecules to create concentration gradients.
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What is Mechanical Work?
Is used for movement.
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What is the First Law Of Thermodynamics?
Total amount of energy in the universe is constand & Energy can not be created nor destroyed.
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What is the Second Law of Thermodynamics?
Processes move from state of order disorder or entropy
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What is Kinetic Energy?
It is the energy of motion
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What is Potential Energy?
It is stored Energy
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A chemcial Reaction beings with what and ends with what?
- Begins: With one or more Reactants
- Ends: With one or more Products
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How is the Reaction Rate Measured?
It is measured as the change in concentration of products with time.
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What is Free Energy of the molecule?
The Energy stored in the chemical bonds of the molecule and available to perform work.
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What is Activiation Energy?
Is the inital input of energy required to begin a reaction.
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What is Exergonic Reaction?
Energy Producing reactions.
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What is Endergonic Reaction?
Energy Utilizing reactions
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What do Metabolic pathway couple?
Endergonic and exergonic reactions
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Energy for driving endergonic reactions is stored where?
In ATP
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What is a Reversible reaction?
A reaction that can proceed in both directions.
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What is an Irreversible Reaction?
It is a reaction that can proceed in one direction but not the other.
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What determinds whether that reaction can be reversed?
Net Free Energy
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What are Enzymes?
They are biological catalysts that speed up the rate of chemical reactions wiouth themselves being changed.
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What are Substrates?
They are the reactants in reactions catalyzed by enzymes
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What does Enzyme specificity mean?
Mean that Enzyme react with only limited and selected substates
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What does Induced fit model mean?
It states neither the substate nor the products can bend to bind with the enzyme the enzyme must bend to allow reaction.
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Temperature and pH are what to Enzymes?
Modulators
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What are enzymes when Modulators are destoryed?
They are denatured Enzymes
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What is feedback inhibition?
It is an example of negative feedback that inhibits the activity of early enzymes and usually involves modification of enzyme.
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Some enzymes are produced as inactive precursors and must be activated by what?
Cofactos
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What are coenzymes?
Organic cofactors
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Reversible reactions always reach a state of what?
Equilibrium
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Resverible reactions follow what law?
Law of mass action.
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What is the Law of Mass Action?
It states what when a reaction is at quilibrium the ratio of substrates to products is always the same and if the concentration of a substate or product changes the equilibrium will be distrubed.
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What can most reactions be classifed as?
- Oxidation-reduction
- Hydrolysis-dehydration
- addition-subtraction-exchange
- Ligation
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What does Gylcolysis do?
Coverts glucose to pyruvate
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What is Metabolism?
All the chemical reactions in the body
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What is Catabolic reactions?
Reactions that release energy and break down large biomolecules
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What is Anabolic Reactions?
Reactions that require a net input of energy and synthesize large biomolecules
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Cells regulate the flow of molecules through their metabloic pathways by:
- 1. Controleling enzyme concentrations
- 2. Producing allosteric and covalent modulators
- 3. Using different enzymes to catalyze reversible reactions
- 4. Isolating enzymes in tracellular organelles
- 5. Maintatining an optimum ratio of ATP and ADP
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What do Aerobic pathways require?
Oxygen and yeild the most ATP
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What can Anarobic Pathways that aerobic pathways cant?
They can proceed without oxygen but produce ATP in much smaller quantities
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Glycolysis does not require the presence of what?
Oxygen
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In Anaerobic metabolism pyruvate is converted to what?
in to lactate, with a net yield of two ATP for each glucose molecule
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In Aerobic metabolism what happend to pyruvate?
Pyruvate go trhough the citric acid cycle yield ATP, Carbon Dioxide, water, and high energy elections captured by NADH and FADH2
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Lipids are broken down for ATP production in the procces of what?
Beta-Oxidation
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What is Gluconeogenesis?
It is when amino acids and glycerol can be converted to glucose
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What does Lipid and Cholesterol synthesis require?
Acetyl CoA
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What are is Post-Translational modification?
It converts the newly synthesized protein to its finished form.
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