World History

Charles V was the Holy Roman Emperor and ruled much of Germany.

Phillip II is Charles V's son who inherited Spain, the Spanish Netherlands, and the American colonies. He was briefly married to Oueen Mary aka Bloody Mary.

The Escorial was Phillip's gray granite palace that had massive walls and huge gates that demonstrated his power. The palace also reflected on his faith.

Inflation is the decline in the value of money.

The United Provinces of the Netherlands was when the seven northern provinces of Netherlands united and declared their independence from Spain.

El Greco was a painter and in his paintings expressed emotion symbolically. Usually his techniques showed the deep Catholic faith of Spain. His real name is Domenikos Theotokopoulos.

Velazquez was a painter and his paintings reflected the pride of the Spanish monarchy. He was the court painter to Philip IV of Spain.

"Don Quixote de la Mancha" is a book written by Miguel de Cervantes published in 1605 often called the birth of the modern European novel. This book is about a poor Spanish nobleman who went a little crazy after reading too many books about heroic knights.

Rembranat van Rijn was the greatest Dutch artist of this period. He painted portraits of wealthy middle-class merchants and produced group portraits. One of his paintings is "The Night Watch."

Jan Vermeer was an artist who was fascinated with the effects of light and dark. Often he painted women doing activities such as pouring milk or reading a letter.

Absolute monarchs are kings or queens who held all of the power within their states' boundaries.

Divine right is the idea that God created the monarchy and that the monarch acted as God's representative on Earth.

The Edict of Nantes was the declaration that the Huguenots could live in Peace in France and set up their own houses of worship in some cities. This declaration was signed by Henry IV (of Navarre) in 1598.

Cardinal Richeliieu was the ruler of France. He wanted to increase the power of the Bourbon monarchy and wanted to make France the strongest state in Europe.

Skepticism is the idea that nothing can ever be known for certain.

Louis XIV aka the Sun King was a powerful ruler and became the most powerful ruler in French history. He became king in 1643 at the age of 4.

Cardinal Mazarin, Ruchelieu's succesor, was the true ruler of France after Louis XII died. he Many people in France hated him because he increased taxes and strengthened the central government.

Intendents were government agents who collected taxes and administered justice.

Jean Baptise Colbert was Louis's minister of France who assisted Louis to help France attain economic, political, and cultural brillance. He believed in the theory of mercantilism.

Charles VI was the ruler of Hapsburg whos reign started in 1711. He persuaded other leaders of Europe to sign an agreement that declared they would recognize Charles's eldest daughter as the heir to all his territories.

Included in the Hapsburg were Austria, Hungary, and Bohemia colonies.

Maria Theresa was Charles IV daughter who Charles wanted to become the heir. However, she faced many years of war her main enemy being Prussia.

The Hohenzollerns were Prussia's ruling family had ambitions that threatened to upset central Europe's delicate balance of power. They built up their state from a number of small holdings.

Junkers were Prussia's landowning nobility who resisted the king's growing power. King Frederick William I gave the Junkers the exclusive right to be officers in his army. This resulted in Prussia becoming a rigidly controlled, highly militarized society.

Frederick the Great was Frederick II who followed his father's military policies, but softened some of his faher's laws. Frederick encouraged religious toleration and legal reform. When his father was still in rule Frederick and a friend ran away in 1730 and his father punished him by making him watch his friend be beheaded.

Silesia was an Austrian land which bordered Prussia. It produced iron ore, textiles, and food products.

The Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle which Maria Theresa lost Silesia in 1748.

Ivan the Terrible was Ivan IV who came to throne in 1533 at the age of three. Boyars fought to control Ivan and when he was 16 he seized power and had himself crowned czar.

A boyar was Russia's landowning nobles.

Peter the Great became sole ruler of Russia (part of Romanov dynasty) in 1696 however, before 1696 he shared the throne with his half brother. Peter the Great was one of Russia's greatest reformers, he continued the trend of increasing the czar's power.

Catherine the Great was the ruler of Russia from 1762 to 1796. She ruled with absolute authority but also sought to reform Russia. Catherine is the ruler most admired by philosophes.

The Holy Synod was the governing body created by Peter the Great in 1721 to head the Russian Orthodox Church.

Westernization was Peter's goal of using western Europe as a model for change. Peter saw it as a way to make Russia stronger.

St. Petersburg was a city that Peter began to build in 1703 on Swedish lands occupied by Russian troops.

Magna Carta was a document that John's nobles forced him to agree to on June 15, 1215. This document guaranteed certain basic political rights.

Jame I who was James Stuart was Elizabeth's cousin. He was already the king of Scotland but became king of England in 1603.

Charles I was James I son in 1625 when James I died Charles took the throne. Charles was at war with both Spain and France which made him always need money.

Oliver Cromwell was a general founded by the Puritans in 1644. In 1645, Cromwell's New Model Army began defeating the Cavaliers, and the tide turned toward the Puritans and in 1647 they held the king prisoner.

Royalists/Cavaliers were those who remained loyal to Charles.

The Restoration is the period of Charles II's rule because Charles II restored the monarchy.

Habeas corpus is a guarantee of freedom passed by the Parliament in 1679. Habeas corpus means "to have the body." This law gave every prisioner the right to obtain a writ or document ordering that the prisioner be brought before a judge to specify the charges against the prisioner.

James II was the king in 1685 after Charles II. He offended his subjects by displaying his Catholicism.

A constitutional monarchy was where laws limited the ruler's power.

The English Bill of Rights was a document to make clear the limits of royal power which Parliament drafted in 1689.

• Document listed things a ruler couldn't do:
• -no suspending of Parliament's laws
• -no levying of taxes without a specific grant from Parliament
• -no interfering with freedom of speech in Parliament
• -no penalty for a citizen who petitions the king about grievances

A cabinet is a group of government ministers or officials.

William of Orange and Mary were married. Mary was the daughter of James and was Protestant. William of Orange was a prince of the Netherlands. William led his army to London in 1688 and James fled to France, this is known as the Glorious Revolution.

Versailles was the splendid palace in which Louis XIV reigned.