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These are primary sex organs that include the male testes and the female ovaries.
Gonads
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Gonads produce these sex cells.
Gametes
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Gonads secrete these two steroid sex hormones in females.
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This steroid sex hormone is secreted in males.
Androgens
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What are three accessory reproductive organs?
- Ducts
- Glands
- External genitalia
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What part of the male reproductive system is within the scrotum and produces sperm?
Testes
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Sperm is delivered to the exterior through a system of what four ducts?
- Epididymis
- Ductus deferens
- Ejaculatory duct
- Urethra
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What are the three accessory sex glands in males?
- Seminal vesicles
- Prostate
- Bulbourethral glands
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What is the function of male accessory sex glands?
To empty secretions into ducts during ejaculation.
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What is the temp in the scrotum, compared to body temp?
4C lower
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T or F? the scrotum distends or pulls close to the body to maintain constant temp.
True
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What layer of smooth muscle in the superficial fascia wrinkles the scrotal skin?
Dartos muscle
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These are bands of skeletal muscle that arise from the internal oblique muscles of the trunk and elevate the testes.
Cremaster muscles
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Coiled and lined by smooth muscle, these are the sperm factories.
Seminiferous tubules
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Located in the testes, these interstitial cells produce androgens.
Leydig cells
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After leaving the �sperm factories�, the sperm is transported where to mature and for storage?
Epididymis
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What is the tube that carries sperm from the epididymis?
Vas deferens
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Internally, the penis contains the spongy urethra and how many long cylindrical bodies of erectile tissue?
3
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The corpora (bodies of erectile tissue) are each covered by a sheath of what?
Dense fibrous connective tissue
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Erectile tissue is a spongy network of connective tissue and smooth muscle. The vascular spaces that riddle the tissue are called what?
Corpora cavernosa
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The blood supply to the penis consists of the long testicular arteries that branch off of what artery superior to the pelvis?
Abdominal aorta
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What network absorbs heat from arterial blood before it enters the testes? Testicular veins arise from this network.
Pampiniform plexus
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Which nervous system affects the male reproductive organ?
Autonomic (sympathetic and parasympathetic)
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These nerve fibers are enclosed (with blood vessels and lymphatics) in the spermatic cord, which passes through the inguinal canal. They transmit pain impulses to the brain.
Associated sensory nerves
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What are the 3 male accessory glands?
- Seminal vesicles or glands
- Prostate
- Bulbourethral (Cowper�s) glands
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What accessory gland secretes yellowish, viscous, alkaline fluid that contains fructose sugar, ascorbic acid, coagulating enzyme, prostaglandins, and substances that enhance sperm motility?
Seminal vesicle (60 percent of semen volume)
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What are the pea-sized glands inferior to the prostate gland that produce the thick, clear mucus that neutralizes traces of acidic urine in the urethra?
Bulbourethral (Cowper�s) glands
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This gland encircles the urethra just inferior to the bladder and produces a milky, slightly acidic fluid that contains citrate (nutrient source), several enzymes, and prostate-specific antigen (PSA).
Prostate (one third volume of semen)
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The male urethra conveys both urine and semen and is divided into these three regions (depending on location).
- Prostatic urethra
- Membranous urethra
- Spongy (penile) urethra
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Semen is a mixture of sperm and what?
Accessory gland secretions
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T or F? Semen contains nutrients (fructose), protects and activates sperm, and facilitates sperm movement.
True
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What is responsible for decreasing viscosity of mucus in the cervix and reverse peristalsis in the uterus?
Prostaglandins
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Clotting factors coagulate semen which is later liquefied by this.
Fibrinolysin
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What is the average volume of ejaculation?
2to 5 mL
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How many sperm can be found in a mL of semen?
20 to 150 million
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What is the sequence of events that produces sperm in the seminiferous tubules of the testes is known as what process?
Spermatogenesis
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Most body cells contain two sets of chromosomes (one maternal and one paternal) and 23 pairs of homologous chromosomes. Are these haploid or diploid?
Diploid (2n)
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These are haploid and contain 23 chromosomes.
Gametes
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T or F? Gamete formation involves meiosis.
True
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This occurs in the gonads and is when the number of chromosomes is halved.
Nuclear division
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What are the 2 consecutive cell divisions that follow one round of DNA replication?
Meiosis I and II
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How many daughter cells are produced during meiosis?
Four
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What division of meiosis is reductive division? The mitosis process?
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Of the 23 pairs of chromosomes, 22 are autosomal and the last are what?
X, Y sex chromosomes
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What is the term for a different form of the same gene?
Allele
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What type of cells give rise to sperm?
Spermatic cells
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What are the steps from spermatogonia to sperm?
- (Mitosis) spermatogonia form spermatocytes
- (Meiosis) spermatocytes form spermatids
- (Spermiogenesis) spermatids become sperm
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What are the 3 regions of sperm?
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What is the metabolic region of sperm that contains coils of mitochondria?
Midpiece
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What is the loco-motor region with flagellum?
Tail
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What is the genetic region that holds the nucleus and acrosome containing hydrolytic enzymes that enable the sperm to penetrate the egg?
Head
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What percentage of sperm is defective?
60
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The hypothalamus releases this, causing the anterior pituitary to secrete FSH and LH.
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
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What hormone makes the spermatogenic cells receptive to testosterone?
FSH
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What hormone stimulates interstitial cells to release testosterone?
LH
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What is the final trigger for spermatogenesis?
Testosterone
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Feedback inhibition on the hypothalamus and pituitary results from these two things.
- Rising levels of testosterone
- Inhibin (released when sperm count is high)
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Testosterone is synthesized from what via estrogen?
Cholesterol
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T of F? Testosterone prompts spermatogenesis, has multiple anabolic effects throughout the body, and is the basis of the male sex drive.
True
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Testosterone is responsible for what five secondary characteristics?
- Pubic, axillary, and facial hair
- Enhanced growth of chest and deepening of voice
- Skin thickens and becomes oily
- Bones grow and increase in density
- Skeletal muscles increase in size and mass
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What are the female gonads that produce female gametes (ova) and secrete female sex hormones (estrogen and progesterone)?
Ovaries
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What are three accessory ducts of the female reproductive system?
- Uterine tubes
- Uterus
- Vagina
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What ligament anchors the ovary medially to the uterus?
Ovarian ligament
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What ligament anchors the ovary laterally to the pelvic wall?
Suspensory ligament
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What suspends the ovaries?
Mesovarium
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This ligament supports the uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina; also contains the suspensory ligament and the mesovarium.
Broad ligament
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T or F? The ovarian arteries and the ovarian branch of the uterine artery supply blood flow to the ovaries.
True
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The ovaries are surrounded by this fibrous layer.
Tunica albuginea
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What is the name of the immature egg contained in the follicle?
Oocyte
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What is the fluid filled follicle that bulges from the ovary surface?
Vesicular (Graafian) follicle
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What is the term for the ejection of the oocyte from the ripening follicle?
Ovulation
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This develops from a ruptured follicle after ovulation.
Corpus luteum
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The oocyte is carried along this tube by peristalsis and ciliary action.
Uterine (fallopian) tubes or oviducts
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What is the role of the nonciliated cells in the oviducts?
Nourish the oocyte and sperm
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What are the two regions of the uterus?
- Fundus (rounded superior region)
- Isthmus (narrowed inferior region)
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What are the three layers of the uterus?
- Perimetrium (serous layer, visceral peritoneum)
- Myometrium (interlacing layers of smooth muscle)
- Endometrium (mucosal lining, shed during menstruation)
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What is the birth canal and organ of copulation?
Vagina
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What are the three layers of the vaginal wall?
- Fibroelastic adventitia
- Smooth muscle muscularis
- Stratified squamous mucosa with rugae
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Near the vaginal orifice, the mucosa forms an incomplete partition called what?
Hymen
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What is the upper end of the vagina surrounding the cervix?
Vaginal fornix
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Name the six external female genitalia.
- Mons pubis
- Labia majora
- Labia minora
- Greater vestibular glands
- Clitoris
- Perineum
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Which of the external female genitalia release mucus into the vestibule for lubrication and is homologous to the bulbourethral glands?
Great vestibular glands
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Mammary glands consist of 15 to 25 lobes and are a modified type of what kind of gland?
Sweat gland
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What is the pigmented skin around the nipple?
Areola
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T of F? Suspensory ligaments attach the breast to underlying muscle.
True
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These are within the lobes and contain glandular alveoli that produce milk.
Lobules
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T or F? Milk travels through the lactiferous sinuses to through the lactiferous ducts to the outside of the nipple.
False. Ducts then sinuses.
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What is the production of female gametes called?
Oogenesis
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When does oogenesis begin?
Fetal period
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T or F? Primary oocytes begin meiosis but stall in prophase I.
True
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The monthly series of events associated with the maturation of an egg.
Ovarian cycle
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What are the two consecutive phases of the ovarian cycle?
- Follicular phase
- Luteal phase (after ovulation)
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During which phase is there a period of corpus luteum activity?
Luteal phase
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Changes that occur in the uterus are dependent on interactions between these three things.
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T or F? The menstrual cycle is self-regulating through feedback loops.
True
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T or F? Estrogen promotes oogenesis and follicle growth in the ovary, exert anabolic effects, and support the rapid but short lived growth spurt at puberty.
True
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Estrogen induces what three secondary sex characteristics?
- Growth of breasts
- Deposits of subcutaneous fat (hips and breasts)
- Widening and lightening of the pelvis
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What are two metabolic effects of estrogen?
- Maintain low total blood cholesterol and high HDL levels
- Facilitates calcium uptake
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What hormone works with estrogen to establish and regulate the uterine cycle?
Progesterone
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What are two effects of placental progesterone during pregnancy?
- Inhibit uterine motility
- Helps prepare breasts for lactation
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This occurs when menses have ceased for an entire year.
Menopause
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Declining estrogen levels during menopause can cause what five signs of menopause?
- Atrophy of reproductive organs and breasts
- Irritability or depression
- Hot flashes
- Gradual thinning of skin and bone loss
- Increased total blood cholesterol and falling HDL
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Breast cancer usually arises from what cells?
Epithelial cells of small ducts
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What are three risk factors associated with breast cancer?
- Early onset menstruation and late menopause
- No pregnancy or first pregnancy late in life
- Family history
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What percentage of breast cancer is due to hereditary defects including mutations to BRCA1 and BRCA2?
10
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What percentage of women with breast cancer has no known risk factors?
70
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