These are primary sex organs that include the male testes and the female ovaries.
Gonads
Gonads produce these sex cells.
Gametes
Gonads secrete these two steroid sex hormones in females.
Estrogens
Progesterone
This steroid sex hormone is secreted in males.
Androgens
What are three accessory reproductive organs?
Ducts
Glands
External genitalia
What part of the male reproductive system is within the scrotum and produces sperm?
Testes
Sperm is delivered to the exterior through a system of what four ducts?
Epididymis
Ductus deferens
Ejaculatory duct
Urethra
What are the three accessory sex glands in males?
Seminal vesicles
Prostate
Bulbourethral glands
What is the function of male accessory sex glands?
To empty secretions into ducts during ejaculation.
What is the temp in the scrotum, compared to body temp?
4C lower
T or F? the scrotum distends or pulls close to the body to maintain constant temp.
True
What layer of smooth muscle in the superficial fascia wrinkles the scrotal skin?
Dartos muscle
These are bands of skeletal muscle that arise from the internal oblique muscles of the trunk and elevate the testes.
Cremaster muscles
Coiled and lined by smooth muscle, these are the sperm factories.
Seminiferous tubules
Located in the testes, these interstitial cells produce androgens.
Leydig cells
After leaving the �sperm factories�, the sperm is transported where to mature and for storage?
Epididymis
What is the tube that carries sperm from the epididymis?
Vas deferens
Internally, the penis contains the spongy urethra and how many long cylindrical bodies of erectile tissue?
3
The corpora (bodies of erectile tissue) are each covered by a sheath of what?
Dense fibrous connective tissue
Erectile tissue is a spongy network of connective tissue and smooth muscle. The vascular spaces that riddle the tissue are called what?
Corpora cavernosa
The blood supply to the penis consists of the long testicular arteries that branch off of what artery superior to the pelvis?
Abdominal aorta
What network absorbs heat from arterial blood before it enters the testes? Testicular veins arise from this network.
Pampiniform plexus
Which nervous system affects the male reproductive organ?
Autonomic (sympathetic and parasympathetic)
These nerve fibers are enclosed (with blood vessels and lymphatics) in the spermatic cord, which passes through the inguinal canal. They transmit pain impulses to the brain.
Associated sensory nerves
What are the 3 male accessory glands?
Seminal vesicles or glands
Prostate
Bulbourethral (Cowper�s) glands
What accessory gland secretes yellowish, viscous, alkaline fluid that contains fructose sugar, ascorbic acid, coagulating enzyme, prostaglandins, and substances that enhance sperm motility?
Seminal vesicle (60 percent of semen volume)
What are the pea-sized glands inferior to the prostate gland that produce the thick, clear mucus that neutralizes traces of acidic urine in the urethra?
Bulbourethral (Cowper�s) glands
This gland encircles the urethra just inferior to the bladder and produces a milky, slightly acidic fluid that contains citrate (nutrient source), several enzymes, and prostate-specific antigen (PSA).
Prostate (one third volume of semen)
The male urethra conveys both urine and semen and is divided into these three regions (depending on location).
Prostatic urethra
Membranous urethra
Spongy (penile) urethra
Semen is a mixture of sperm and what?
Accessory gland secretions
T or F? Semen contains nutrients (fructose), protects and activates sperm, and facilitates sperm movement.
True
What is responsible for decreasing viscosity of mucus in the cervix and reverse peristalsis in the uterus?
Prostaglandins
Clotting factors coagulate semen which is later liquefied by this.
Fibrinolysin
What is the average volume of ejaculation?
2to 5 mL
How many sperm can be found in a mL of semen?
20 to 150 million
What is the sequence of events that produces sperm in the seminiferous tubules of the testes is known as what process?
Spermatogenesis
Most body cells contain two sets of chromosomes (one maternal and one paternal) and 23 pairs of homologous chromosomes. Are these haploid or diploid?
Diploid (2n)
These are haploid and contain 23 chromosomes.
Gametes
T or F? Gamete formation involves meiosis.
True
This occurs in the gonads and is when the number of chromosomes is halved.
Nuclear division
What are the 2 consecutive cell divisions that follow one round of DNA replication?
Meiosis I and II
How many daughter cells are produced during meiosis?
Four
What division of meiosis is reductive division? The mitosis process?
Meiosis I
Meiosis II
Of the 23 pairs of chromosomes, 22 are autosomal and the last are what?
X, Y sex chromosomes
What is the term for a different form of the same gene?
Allele
What type of cells give rise to sperm?
Spermatic cells
What are the steps from spermatogonia to sperm?
(Mitosis) spermatogonia form spermatocytes
(Meiosis) spermatocytes form spermatids
(Spermiogenesis) spermatids become sperm
What are the 3 regions of sperm?
Head
Midpiece
Tail
What is the metabolic region of sperm that contains coils of mitochondria?
Midpiece
What is the loco-motor region with flagellum?
Tail
What is the genetic region that holds the nucleus and acrosome containing hydrolytic enzymes that enable the sperm to penetrate the egg?
Head
What percentage of sperm is defective?
60
The hypothalamus releases this, causing the anterior pituitary to secrete FSH and LH.
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
What hormone makes the spermatogenic cells receptive to testosterone?
FSH
What hormone stimulates interstitial cells to release testosterone?
LH
What is the final trigger for spermatogenesis?
Testosterone
Feedback inhibition on the hypothalamus and pituitary results from these two things.
Rising levels of testosterone
Inhibin (released when sperm count is high)
Testosterone is synthesized from what via estrogen?
Cholesterol
T of F? Testosterone prompts spermatogenesis, has multiple anabolic effects throughout the body, and is the basis of the male sex drive.
True
Testosterone is responsible for what five secondary characteristics?
Pubic, axillary, and facial hair
Enhanced growth of chest and deepening of voice
Skin thickens and becomes oily
Bones grow and increase in density
Skeletal muscles increase in size and mass
What are the female gonads that produce female gametes (ova) and secrete female sex hormones (estrogen and progesterone)?
Ovaries
What are three accessory ducts of the female reproductive system?
Uterine tubes
Uterus
Vagina
What ligament anchors the ovary medially to the uterus?
Ovarian ligament
What ligament anchors the ovary laterally to the pelvic wall?
Suspensory ligament
What suspends the ovaries?
Mesovarium
This ligament supports the uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina; also contains the suspensory ligament and the mesovarium.
Broad ligament
T or F? The ovarian arteries and the ovarian branch of the uterine artery supply blood flow to the ovaries.
True
The ovaries are surrounded by this fibrous layer.
Tunica albuginea
What is the name of the immature egg contained in the follicle?
Oocyte
What is the fluid filled follicle that bulges from the ovary surface?
Vesicular (Graafian) follicle
What is the term for the ejection of the oocyte from the ripening follicle?
Ovulation
This develops from a ruptured follicle after ovulation.
Corpus luteum
The oocyte is carried along this tube by peristalsis and ciliary action.
Uterine (fallopian) tubes or oviducts
What is the role of the nonciliated cells in the oviducts?
Nourish the oocyte and sperm
What are the two regions of the uterus?
Fundus (rounded superior region)
Isthmus (narrowed inferior region)
What are the three layers of the uterus?
Perimetrium (serous layer, visceral peritoneum)
Myometrium (interlacing layers of smooth muscle)
Endometrium (mucosal lining, shed during menstruation)
What is the birth canal and organ of copulation?
Vagina
What are the three layers of the vaginal wall?
Fibroelastic adventitia
Smooth muscle muscularis
Stratified squamous mucosa with rugae
Near the vaginal orifice, the mucosa forms an incomplete partition called what?
Hymen
What is the upper end of the vagina surrounding the cervix?
Vaginal fornix
Name the six external female genitalia.
Mons pubis
Labia majora
Labia minora
Greater vestibular glands
Clitoris
Perineum
Which of the external female genitalia release mucus into the vestibule for lubrication and is homologous to the bulbourethral glands?
Great vestibular glands
Mammary glands consist of 15 to 25 lobes and are a modified type of what kind of gland?
Sweat gland
What is the pigmented skin around the nipple?
Areola
T of F? Suspensory ligaments attach the breast to underlying muscle.
True
These are within the lobes and contain glandular alveoli that produce milk.
Lobules
T or F? Milk travels through the lactiferous sinuses to through the lactiferous ducts to the outside of the nipple.
False. Ducts then sinuses.
What is the production of female gametes called?
Oogenesis
When does oogenesis begin?
Fetal period
T or F? Primary oocytes begin meiosis but stall in prophase I.
True
The monthly series of events associated with the maturation of an egg.
Ovarian cycle
What are the two consecutive phases of the ovarian cycle?
Follicular phase
Luteal phase (after ovulation)
During which phase is there a period of corpus luteum activity?
Luteal phase
Changes that occur in the uterus are dependent on interactions between these three things.
Uterus
Brain
Endometrium
T or F? The menstrual cycle is self-regulating through feedback loops.
True
T or F? Estrogen promotes oogenesis and follicle growth in the ovary, exert anabolic effects, and support the rapid but short lived growth spurt at puberty.
True
Estrogen induces what three secondary sex characteristics?
Growth of breasts
Deposits of subcutaneous fat (hips and breasts)
Widening and lightening of the pelvis
What are two metabolic effects of estrogen?
Maintain low total blood cholesterol and high HDL levels
Facilitates calcium uptake
What hormone works with estrogen to establish and regulate the uterine cycle?
Progesterone
What are two effects of placental progesterone during pregnancy?
Inhibit uterine motility
Helps prepare breasts for lactation
This occurs when menses have ceased for an entire year.
Menopause
Declining estrogen levels during menopause can cause what five signs of menopause?
Atrophy of reproductive organs and breasts
Irritability or depression
Hot flashes
Gradual thinning of skin and bone loss
Increased total blood cholesterol and falling HDL
Breast cancer usually arises from what cells?
Epithelial cells of small ducts
What are three risk factors associated with breast cancer?
Early onset menstruation and late menopause
No pregnancy or first pregnancy late in life
Family history
What percentage of breast cancer is due to hereditary defects including mutations to BRCA1 and BRCA2?
10
What percentage of women with breast cancer has no known risk factors?
