Euro Chapter 18: The Scientific Revolution

• 1. The Renaissance
• a. Interest in old math
• b. Patronage for scientific development
• 2. Navigational Problems
• 3. Medieval Universities-
• Gresham-Founds college to solve Navigational Acts

Perfect Heaven

Math=a system of rules

• Beliefs:
• Sun-centered
• "On the Revolution of the Heavenly Spheres"-Star's movement due to Earth's rotation
• 1572-Bright star emerges
• 1577-Comet goes across the sky

Hate Copernicus Theory

• Danish
• Mass of Data

• Three Laws of Planetary Motion:
• 1. 1609-Ellipses
• 2. Planets move at different speeds
• 3. Orbit related to distance from the sun

• Repeatable experimentation
• Telescope-4 moons of Jupiter
• Concept of uniform forms for universal acceleration
• INERTIA
• "Dialogues of the Two Chief Systems of the World"

• Synthesis of Copernicus, Galileo, and Kepler-"Principia"
• Laws of Universal Gravitation and Inertia

• Empiricism-experimental research
• INDUCTIVE Reasoning

• DEDUCTIVE Reasoning
• Cartesian Dualism-Physical and Spiritual being
• Connection between Algebra and Geometry

• a. Methods of science-Reason (The scientific approach)
• b. Idea of progress
• c. Beginning of Social Sciences

• a. French=International language of the educated elite
• b. Absolutist power not as strong
• c. Philophes-Dedicated, organized

• a. The Scientific Revolution
• b. Travel literature grows-Relative Truth
• c. Question of Religious Truth
• d. John Locke's-"Essay Concerning Human Understanding"-Tabula Rasa

• a. Satire and Double Meaning
• b. Under the Cloak publications

• Empiricism
• Rationalism
• Relativism
• Experimentalism
• Skepticism
• Atheism
• Deism

• "The Leviathan"
• Humans=Bad
• People give Gov't power to protect
• Suck it up
• Sovereignty favored in Gov't
• Upper class likes
• Conservative

• "Essay Concerning the Human Understanding", "Second Treatise of Civil Government"
• Blank slate=People
• People give Gov't power to protect natural rights
• Rebel
• Sovereignty in People
• Constitutional Monarchy
• Middle class favored
• Moderate

• "Social Contract"
• Humans=Good, Society corrupts
• General will
• Sovereignty in General will
• Democracy/Dictatorship favored
• Lower class
• Radical

• "Conversations of plurality of lords"-skepticism
• "Eulogies of scientist"-Scientific and superstitious, satirical

"Historical and Critical Dictionary"-beliefs differ religious toleration doubt

• "Persian Letter"-Relativism
• "Spirit of Laws"=Government that is best separate powers (admires Britain)

• Hates intolerance, free speech advocate, radical
• Conservative:
• Politically-works for other forms of Gov't (not democracy)
• Economically and Socially-not want equality
• Radical: Challenges church, source of intolerance

Banned b/c she is a woman, spread ideas of others

"Encyclopedia"-17 volumes, advocate Science and Art, critical on religion-REASON

"System of Nature"-atheist, still dogmatic

Mind a group of impression, question reason itself-Scientific Experimentation only, hurts EL

• "Progress of the Human Mind"-Progress of Reason, Establishment of Liberty
• One day, death only comes from old age and accidents

"Progress of Mankind"-never go back to barbarism

• Free press
• Ideas flow with EL follow
• Reading Revolution-French writers use him to publish

Lespinaisse-Salons

• Prevent crime through certainty, not severity
• Excess punishment-Barbarity
• Penalties scaled to the offense

"The Wealth of Nations"-The Invisible Hand (Self interest that benefits the Public) and Unreasonableness of Restraints on Market (Good for economy, bad for people)